100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Psychopathology essay plans $8.06   Add to cart

Summary

Summary Psychopathology essay plans

 17 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution

All possible psychopathology essay questions you could be asked, planned with points and evaluation both from the textbook and using wider knowledge to gain an A*/A

Preview 2 out of 5  pages

  • August 20, 2024
  • 5
  • 2024/2025
  • Summary
avatar-seller
Psychopathology

Outline and evaluate the explanation of phobias

AO1
- The two-process model
- Classical conditioning is an association forms between the neutral
stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus
becomes a conditioned response
- Learning to associate something we have no fear of with something
that tiggers a fear response
- Little Albert (Watson and Rayner) showed no fear response to white
furry objects
- Whenever Little Albert was introduced to a neutral stimulus Watson
would make a loud noise
- Watson repeated this to develop and association
- Little Albert also showed generalisation
- Operant condition is how we maintain phobias through negative
reinforcement = the avoidance or removal of an unpleasant
situation or stimulus
- Reduction in fear and anxiety negatively reinforces the avoidance
behaviour and the phobia is maintained

AO3
STRENGTH – REAL WORLD APPLICATION
- Exposure therapies – systematic desensitisation
- Idea that phobias are maintained by avoidance of phobic stimulus
- Phobias benefit from being exposed to the phobic stimulus to
remove avoidance behaviour
- No longer associated with fear and anxiety
- Shows the value of the two – process model in identifying a means
of treating phobias

LIMITATION – INCOMPLETE EXPLANATION
- We acquire phobias of things dangerous in our evolutionary past
such as snakes and spider
- Cars kill around 1.2 million a year and yet we rarely find phobias to
cars
- Biological preparedness suggests that we are innately prepared to
fear some things more than others
- Only 7% of spider phobias are due to traumatic experiences
- There is more to acquiring phobias than conditioning

STRENGTH – LINK BETWEEN BAD EXPERINECES AND PHOBIAS
- Counterpoint
- Little Albert study
- Evidence comes from a study by Ad De Jongh et al who found that
73% of people with a fear of dental treatment had experienced a
traumatic event.

, - Confirms the association between stimulus and an unconditioned
response leading to a phobia

Outline and evaluate the treatment of phobias

AO1
- Systematic desensitisation is when a client is taught a new
association to phobic stimulus
- Reciprocal inhibition – conflicting emotions cannot happen at the
same time
- Relaxation – breathing techniques
- Anxiety hierarchy – least to most frightening
- Exposure
- Flooding is immediate exposure
- Without the option of avoidance, the patient learns that the phobic
object is harmless
- Patient exhausted = relaxed association = extinction of fear

AO3
LIMITATION – SD NOT GENERALISED BEYOND CLINICAL SETTINGS
- If phobic object is presented into the patient without warning +
without therapist = return to original state
- May not have long term benefits

STRENGTH – PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES
- The main alternatives of SD are not suitable for those with learning
disabilities as they struggle with cognitive therapy that requires
complex rational thought
- They may feel confused and distressed by the traumatic experience
of flooding
- SD is often the most appropriate for people with learning disabilities
who have phobias

LIMITATION – APPEARS LESS EFFECTIVE FOR COMPLEX (SOCIAL) PHOBIAS
- Social phobias also have cognitive aspects – anxiety and unpleasant
thoughts about a situation
- Flooding is immediate exposure creating a traumatic experience
and does not take the time to address irrational thinking
- Therefore, cognitive therapy is more effective

STENGTH – FLOODING IS MORE COST EFFECTIVE
- NHS – time, money, and resources
- Flooding is one session opposed to SD which is up to 10
- Achieves the same results
- More people living ‘normal’ lives – going to work = helping the
economy
- More people can be treated at the same cost with flooding

Outline and evaluate the explanation of depression

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller izzyburghes. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $8.06. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

79271 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$8.06
  • (0)
  Add to cart