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module 1 bmsc 230 questions with correct answers 2024/2025
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module 1 bmsc 230 questions with correct answers 2024/2025
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module 1 bmsc 230metabolism - ANSrefers to the enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that occure in a cell to
either breakdown biomolecules to obtain energy in a form that can be used by the body (ATP) or
reactions that synthesize biomolecules that our bodies need.
sum total of catabolism and anabolism
catabolism - ANSrefers to those chemical reactions that breakdown biomolecules to produce
energy
anabolism - ANSrefers to chemical reactions that lead to the synthesis of biomolecules that
require input of energy
functions of metabolism - ANS1. to obtain chemical energy in the form of ATM from the
degradation of energy rich nutrients from the envo or from captured solar energy for ex. some of
the food you eat is used to move your muscle or use your brain, both require energy.
2. to convert molecules that we ingest as food into the building blocks of larger molecules
needed in the body
3. to assemble these small building block molecules into larger molecules such as proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides.
4. to synthesize and degrade biomolecules that have specialized functions in cells
metabolism pathway - ANSterm used to describe a series of linked reactions that begin with a
particular biomolecule and converts it into another biomolecules in a carefully defined fashion
and one that is regulated.
can be linear, circular, or branched.
glycolysis - ANSpathway that starts with glucose and through a series of reactions is converted
to pyruvate.
interconnected - ANSan important concept with regards to metabolic pathways. many metabolic
pathways that occur simultaneously within a cell
first committed step - ANSoften the first reaction in the pathway, usually a point of regulation.
Rate-limiting - ANSreactions that are regulated in a pathway are often what kind of steps?
amphibolic pathways - ANSpathways that can function anabolically and catabolically depending
on the energy conditions in the cell
continual input of free energy - ANSliving organisms require this for 3 major purposes
1) the performance of mechanical work (cellular movt)
, 2) active transport of biomolecules and ions
3) the synthesis of macromolecules from simple precursors
phototrophs - ANSsuch as plants; use photosynthesis to convert the energy in sunlight into a
chemical form
chemotrophs - ANSsuch as humans, obtain energy in the form of ATP through oxidation of
carbon fuels such as fats and carbohydrates
enzymes - ANSonly speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. do NOT change the equilibrium
constant.
thermodynamic properties of a reaction - ANSthe free energy different between the products
and reactions and the free energy required to initiate the conversion of reactants and produces
free energy difference - ANSdetermines whether a reaction will take place spontaneously (is it
possible)
free energy - ANSdetermines the rate at which the reaction will proceed (enzymes affect)
negative - ANSreactions can take spontaneously only if the change in G is ________________
exergonic reactions - ANSrelease energy. change in G is negative
endergonic - ANSreactions that have a positive change in G and cannot proceed unless there is
an input of energy often involving ATP cleavage
equilibrium - ANSwhen a system is at this, there is no net change in the concentrations of
products and reactants and the change in G is zero
change in G - ANSindependent of the path whereby the reactants are converted to products but
only on the free energy of the producs minus the free energy of the reactants. provides no info
about the rate of reaction, only whether the reaction can occur spontaneously
coupled reactions - ANSway for thermodynamically unfavourable reactions involved in most
biosynthetic processes proceed despite having positive free energy charges.
ATP - ANSenergy stored from fuels that we eat. donor of most free energy for most
energy-requiring processes in the cell. most common nucleoside triphosphate
acid anhydride bonds - ANShigh energy bonds in ATP (2), bonds between two acid groups that
lose a water molecule upon formation
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