Hierarchy of Structural Organization - ANSWERSchemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
anatomical position - ANSWERS
Regional terminology - ANSWERS
Body Planes and Sections - ANSWERSsagittal, frontal, transverse
What are the smallest living units in our bodies? - ANSWERScells
3 main structural components of ANY cell - ANSWERSplasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
General structure of the plasma membrane - fluid mosaic model - ANSWERS· Fluid mosaic model
· Constructed of proteins with a lipid bilayer
-Phospholipids: amphiphilic (polar), with hydrophobic tails forming a protective layer.
-Cholesterol: Found in lipid tails, maintains structure of the membrane
· Contributes to waterproofing. Low density cholesterol transports.
-Glycolipids
· Attaches to the head of phospholipids on extracellular fluids
· Creates glycocalyx on the outside, allowing other cells to recognize it as friendly or enemy.
· Assists in sticking of cells.
tight junctions - ANSWERSproteins on both sides of the plasma membrane, tightly sealing that prevents
molecules from passing between them.
,desmosomes - ANSWERSanchoring junction, keeps cells together. Common in skin, flexible tissues.
Glycoproteins act like velcro. Allows stretching without tearing.
gap junctions - ANSWERSFeature a channel allowing larger molecules to pass through. Metabolic
coupling is movement of glucose and nutrients
transport - ANSWERS-Simple diffusion
-Facilitated diffusion (passive)
-Osmosis transports water
-Active transport
Works on basis of phagocytosis, creates a phagosome (vesicle w /molecules)
Can be receptor-mediated
Pinocytosis: creates a pit that sucks things in. Think "drinking a Piña colada"
Exocytosis: vesicle incorporated with plasma membrane, used to secrete things.
Cilia vs. flagella vs. microvilli - ANSWERS-Cilia: Found on the surface of cells, motile moves like a whip to
push stuff along. Uses microtubules.
-Microvilli: found in cuboidal / columnar cells. Non motile, used to increase surface area. Actin based.
Digestive system
-Flagella: whip-like motile structure
General functions of the major organelles - ANSWERS· Ribosomes: make proteins
· Rough ER: makes proteins and phospholipids
· Smooth ER: creates fat, breaks down lipids, calcium storage (doesn't have ribosomes)
· Golgi apparatus: "messenger". It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic
reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell
· Peroxisome: removes toxic waste
· Mitochondria: powerhouse, produces energy necessary for survival, breaks down glucose into ATP
tissue - ANSWERSgroup of similar cells that perform a particular function
, extracellular matrix - ANSWERS· A 3D network of extracellular macromolecules, such as collagen,
enzymes, and glycoproteins, that provide structural support to surrounding cells
4 basic tissue types and their one-word functions - ANSWERS· Epithelial: covering
· Connective: support
· Muscle: movement
· Nervous: control
epithelial tissue - ANSWERS
connective tissue - ANSWERSsmall number of cells, high extracellular matrix
muscle tissue - ANSWERS
nervous tissue - ANSWERS
Special features of epithelium - ANSWERS· Covering / lining: skin, stomach, lining of organs
· Basement membrane: basal lamina (basement membrane) and reticular fibers
· Basal lamina secreted by epithelium
· Reticular fibers secreted by CT
simple squamous epithelium - ANSWERS· Allows diffusion in blood vessels, found in lungs, serous
membrane.
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