COMD 5070 Final Questions &
Answers 100% Correct!!
Two types of coarticulation - ANSWER-anticipatory
retentive
Anticipatory (forward) coarticulation - ANSWER-earlier sounds are influenced by a later sound .
ex: spoon which causes /s/ to lip round.
Retentive (backward) coarticulation - ANSWER-later sounds are influenced by an earlier one.
ex: no causes /o/ to be nasalized.
Acoustic parameters that may change when a word is stressed: - ANSWER-fundamental frequency
intensity
duration
relaxed vs clear speech - ANSWER-We adjust how much articulatory effort we use, depending on the
circumstances. When you're in a circumstance with minimal noise, you may be able to minimize your
energy expenditure by speaking casually. However, if you're talking to someone with a hearing
impairment or are in a noisy environment and need to be understood, you tend to adjust the effort
level upward and articulate with much greater force and effort.
hyper- and hypo-articulate speech are different, and clear speech involves longer segment durations
as a result of trying to be really clear, whereas more casual speech involves articulatory undershoot.
In conclusion, relaxed speech involves articulatory undershoot and clear speech involves longer
segment durations and released stops due to emphasis and trying to be clear when speaking.
Hypernasality (how do perceptual severity relates to physiology) - ANSWER-Perceptual severities of
nasalization relate to physiology, because it is disordered because it can be a result of linked nasal
and oral cavity. The nasal cavity tends to have a damping effect and can influence the clarity of a
, vowel that's being produced. This is because the nasal cavity acts as an anti resonance, which damps
the other formants.
Nasal air Flow (during which sound would it be high or low) - ANSWER-low for vowels
near zero for pressure consonants. If there is flow during consonants this could indicate leakage.
Measuring nasalance (what instrument quantifies this) - ANSWER-nasometer
It relies on acoustic nasometry but may include aerodynamic measures as well. Looks at nasal airflow
over time. It comes with a software which will allow for quantifying measures of nasalance.
Example: OroNasal Mask System from a company called Glottal Enterprises.
Acoustic Nasometry (how does it work conceptually) - ANSWER-you have two microphones. One is
set above the divider plate, and one below. This divider plate is set on the front of the person's face
so it sits above the person's upper lip and below the nose. So one of the microphones picks up
energy that comes below the mouth, and the other picks up energy that comes from the nose. The
relative proportions of the energy from these two microphones can be represented as nasalance.
This is useful in clinical assessments because you can determine if a person falls within normal limits
for nasalance for a given utterance. It can also be used to provide feedback during therapy so the
person can see how they're managing the oral nasal balance of speech production.
EMG - ANSWER-used to study electrical activity in muscles.
What innervates muscles? - ANSWER-motor neurons
What does a motor neuron consist of? - ANSWER-motor neuron
few or many muscle fibers
What causes contraction of muscles? - ANSWER-electrical stimulation
Surface Electrodes - ANSWER-measure larger muscles. Less invasive due to many muscle fibers firing
at the same time. Must have signal amplified to boost signal.
Answers 100% Correct!!
Two types of coarticulation - ANSWER-anticipatory
retentive
Anticipatory (forward) coarticulation - ANSWER-earlier sounds are influenced by a later sound .
ex: spoon which causes /s/ to lip round.
Retentive (backward) coarticulation - ANSWER-later sounds are influenced by an earlier one.
ex: no causes /o/ to be nasalized.
Acoustic parameters that may change when a word is stressed: - ANSWER-fundamental frequency
intensity
duration
relaxed vs clear speech - ANSWER-We adjust how much articulatory effort we use, depending on the
circumstances. When you're in a circumstance with minimal noise, you may be able to minimize your
energy expenditure by speaking casually. However, if you're talking to someone with a hearing
impairment or are in a noisy environment and need to be understood, you tend to adjust the effort
level upward and articulate with much greater force and effort.
hyper- and hypo-articulate speech are different, and clear speech involves longer segment durations
as a result of trying to be really clear, whereas more casual speech involves articulatory undershoot.
In conclusion, relaxed speech involves articulatory undershoot and clear speech involves longer
segment durations and released stops due to emphasis and trying to be clear when speaking.
Hypernasality (how do perceptual severity relates to physiology) - ANSWER-Perceptual severities of
nasalization relate to physiology, because it is disordered because it can be a result of linked nasal
and oral cavity. The nasal cavity tends to have a damping effect and can influence the clarity of a
, vowel that's being produced. This is because the nasal cavity acts as an anti resonance, which damps
the other formants.
Nasal air Flow (during which sound would it be high or low) - ANSWER-low for vowels
near zero for pressure consonants. If there is flow during consonants this could indicate leakage.
Measuring nasalance (what instrument quantifies this) - ANSWER-nasometer
It relies on acoustic nasometry but may include aerodynamic measures as well. Looks at nasal airflow
over time. It comes with a software which will allow for quantifying measures of nasalance.
Example: OroNasal Mask System from a company called Glottal Enterprises.
Acoustic Nasometry (how does it work conceptually) - ANSWER-you have two microphones. One is
set above the divider plate, and one below. This divider plate is set on the front of the person's face
so it sits above the person's upper lip and below the nose. So one of the microphones picks up
energy that comes below the mouth, and the other picks up energy that comes from the nose. The
relative proportions of the energy from these two microphones can be represented as nasalance.
This is useful in clinical assessments because you can determine if a person falls within normal limits
for nasalance for a given utterance. It can also be used to provide feedback during therapy so the
person can see how they're managing the oral nasal balance of speech production.
EMG - ANSWER-used to study electrical activity in muscles.
What innervates muscles? - ANSWER-motor neurons
What does a motor neuron consist of? - ANSWER-motor neuron
few or many muscle fibers
What causes contraction of muscles? - ANSWER-electrical stimulation
Surface Electrodes - ANSWER-measure larger muscles. Less invasive due to many muscle fibers firing
at the same time. Must have signal amplified to boost signal.
