calculate average air flow - ANSWER-flow=air/time
• if 1 liter of air is used...
• and phonation lasts for 5 seconds...
• average flow = 1/5 liter per second
• or 200 cc/second or 0.2 liters/second
• flow at a given instant may be different
u-tube manometer: how does it work? -...
u-tube manometer: how does it work? - ANSWER-Measures static pressure
Tube in the shape of a u
water in tube is identical until
water in the tube/pressure applied
displace water
measure the difference in height=
amount of centimeters of water displaced by pressure applied
,u-tube manometer: what is it best used for? - ANSWER-can use to calibrate equipment used to
measure pressure
very low tech
can easily see how much pressure there was
u-tube manometer:what are its
limitations? - ANSWER-rather crude
have to measure in from the difference in height of the two water columns the pressure that has
been exerted into the system
not suited to dynamic measures in speech production where pressures go up and down extremely
rapidly
sometimes by rather subtle amounts
pressure transducer - ANSWER-can measure the air pressure in a given space
intraoral air pressure during speech production
professor used for measures of aerodynamic speech
clear polyurethane tubes sticks into corner of a person's mouth
close lips around it while speaking
measuring speech breathing: - ANSWER-Most speech measures come from the oral cavity
some come from the nasal cavity
tube inside
transducer outside
measuring speech breathing: pressure patterns in speech - ANSWER-just inside the mouth: Pio is
intra-oral air pressure
vowels: equal to atmospheric pressure
fricatives:elevated
,stop consonants: highest
measuring speech breathing: how do the ribcage and abdomen move as we speak or sing? -
ANSWER-increases and decreases in the volume of the lungs
When you breathe in the diaphragm flattens out and pulls the base of the lung downward this
expands the volume inside the lungs and decreases the pressure causing a person to breathe in; also
pushes down on abdominal viscera causing the belly to expand outwards
During typical breathing the ribcage and the abdomen both expand or shrink together
subglottal pressure: what is it? - ANSWER-- abbreviated Ps or Psub
-pressure the lungs provide that goes up the trachea to larynx
- measure pressure directly below the larynx
- driving pressure for phonation, speech
- difficult to measure directly
How is P sub estimated? - ANSWER-Measure intraoral air pressure at a particular time
when pressure in the mouth is the same as pressure below the larynx
-occurs during a brief time during the production of a P or vowels (PAA, PAA, PAA)
• voiceless bilabial plosive
• vocal folds are abducted
- laryngeal devoicing gesture
• trachea and mouth are linked
- no pressure drop at the larynx
• pressure equalizes throughout system
How is sub glottal pressure measured alternatively? - ANSWER-• tracheal puncture
- direct, accurate measures during speech
- medical procedure (hole in trachea below larynx)
- miniaturized pressure transducer put inside the trachea
, - hard to attract volunteers!
• esophageal (balloon) pressure (NOT USED commonly)
- sensor measure the pressure on the shared wall: posterior trachea, anterior esophagus
- swallows the pressure transducer partway into the esophagus the sensor
- pressure is lower than lung pressure
- not a very practical or common procedure
subglottal pressure: how much is enough for speaking? - ANSWER-• 5-7 cmH2O typical for normal
speech
• 15-20 cmH2O for very loud speech
clear association: Psub and SPL
lower pressure for pulse register
higher pressure for falsetto - why might this be?
phonation threshold pressure increases with dehydration, vocal fatigue, why might this be? -
ANSWER-dehydration: if vocal folds are dried out and less compliant, less flexible increase in the
amount of pressure needed to make them move
vocal fatigue: swollen, puffy bulky, more pressure needed to make oscillate
higher pressure for falsetto - why might this be? - ANSWER-Vocal folds stretched very tightly
stiffer
more difficult to displace
more pressure needed to initiate vocal fold oscillation
Phonation threshold pressure in the clinic: - ANSWER-- folds are looser for easy onset (less pressure)
81, 82, 83
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