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NSG 434 Exam 2 | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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NSG 434 Exam 2 | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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NSG 434 Exam 2 | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded |100% Verified
mild dehydration - loss of less than 5% in infants and 3% in children
moderate dehydration - loss of 5-10% in infants and 3-6% in children
severe dehydration - loss of more than 10% in infants and 6% in older children
children are _ with moderate dehydration - irritable
children are __ with severe dehydration - lethargic
the earliest sign of dehydration in children is usually - tachycardia
clinical manifestations of fluid loss - -change in LOC
-altered response to stimuli
-decreased skin turgor (won't be present in an infant)
-prolonged cap refill
-tachycardia
-sunken eyes and fontanels
-may not have tears when crying
lab tests for dehydration - serum bicarbonate
mild-moderate dehydration tx - oral rehydration with Pedialyte
severe dehydration tx - IV fluids to expand fluid volume and replace deficits
,most pathogens that cause diarrhea are spread by: - the fecal oral route
be cautious of pathogens spread through the fecal-oral route in __________ - day care centers since
there is close contact
what is the most important cause of serious gastroenteritis among children - rotavirus
most children are infected with ____ at least once by 5 years old - rotavirus
acute diarrhea - sudden increase in frequency and a change in consistency of stools
chronic diarrhea - increase in stool frequency and increased water content with a duration of >14 days
diarrhea care management - -oral rehydration
-early reintroduction to normal diet
-education on s/s
-skin care to prevent excoriation
-edu regarding prevention
constipation is often associated with - -painful bowel movements
-blood streaked or retained stool
-abdominal pain
-lack of appetite
structural disorders causing constipation - Hirsphsprung's disease and strictures
meds causing constipation - antacids, diuretics, antiepileptics, antihistamines, opioids, iron supplements
encopresis - repeated and involuntary defecation in a child older than 4
,management of encopresis - -high fiber diet
-exercise
-reg toileting habits after meals
-stool softeners
-emotional support (help child feel in control)
Hirschsprung disease is most commonly observed in - neonates
hirschsprung disease in a neonate is characterized by - failure to pass meconium within 24-48hrs of
birth, bilious vomiting
Hirschsprung disease in infancy and childhood is characterized by - -constipation
-recurrent diarrhea
-RIBBON-LIKE, foul smelling stool
-FTT
how to dx Hirschsprung disease - rectal biopsy to detect absence of ganglion cells
tx of Hirschsprungs disease - -one stage surgical tx
-colostomy (temporary) then removal of aganglionic section
resulting effects of gastroesophageal reflux - -aspiration of gastric contents
-recurrent pneumonia
-pulmonary disease
-esophagitis
-esophageal stricture
dx for gastroesophageal reflux - -weight
, -length
-OFC
-chest x-ray (resp symptoms)
-pH probe
tx for gastroesophageal reflux - -feed thickened formula
-feed small, frequent meals
-elevate HOB
-antacids
-Nissan fundoplication
acid suppression and neutralization meds - -Rantidine/zantac
-prevacid
-prilosec
(may not see results right away)
administer 30 mins before meals
early symptoms of appendicitis - -anorexia
-child doesn't seem "normal"
-N/V, low grade fever
-pain gradually localizes to RLQ (McBurney's point)- doesn't hurt when you press, it hurts when you let
go
-suspect perforation if pain is relieved without intervention
-knees bent
pre-op nursing considerations for appendicitis - -NPO, IV therapy
-position of comfort
-fluids and electrolytes
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