BBH 101 PSU FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
Health ✅A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
Preventable Injury and Death ✅-control of underage and excess use of alcohol
-elimination of public possession of firearms
-elimination of all forms of tobacco
-better nutrition and exercise
-reduction in risky sexual behaviors
-full access to immunizations
Goals of Healthy People 2020 ✅adolescent health, physical activity, nutrition and
weight status, injury and violence protection, sleep health
Bloodletting ✅belief or practice of draining a quantity of blood to cure illness or disease
Trephination ✅An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away
a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior.
Ancient Egyptian illness and healing ✅believed body had channels carrying air, water,
and blood; people became sick when blockages occurred
Humoral theory ✅A concept of health proposed by Hippocrates that considered
wellness a state of perfect equilibrium among four basic body fluids, called humors.
Sickness was believed to be the result of disturbances in the balance of humors.
Humors ✅Four body fluids - blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile - that, according
to an ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance.
Traditional Oriental Medicine (TOM) ✅internal harmony is the key to good health
Qi ✅vital energy or life force that ebbs and flows with changes in physical, mental, and
emotiona well-being
Ayurveda ✅the oldest known medical system in the world, originating in India; human
body represents entire universe in a microcosm, the key to health is maintaining a
balance between the microcosmic body and macrocosmic world
,Ayurvedic humors ✅also called doshas: vata, pitta, and kapha, collectively called the
tridosha
Miasm ✅A theory developed by Hahnemann to account for chronic disease, states
that a person develops a diseased state which was acquired through an infectious
disease and can be inheritable.
Germ theory ✅the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes
Biomedical model ✅the dominant view of 20th century medicine that maintains that
illness always has a physical cause
Psychosomatic model ✅(Freud) conversion disorders: unconscious, emotional
conflicts take physical form
4 goals of health psychology ✅-To study scientifically the causes or origins of specific
diseases; that is, their etiology
-To promote health
-To prevent and treat illness
-To promote public health policy and the improvement of the health care system
Biopsychosocial model ✅a model of health that integrates the effects of biological,
behavioral, and social factors on health and illness
Epigenetics ✅the effects of environmental forces on how genes are expressed
Life course perspective ✅important age related aspects of health and illness
Subjective well-being ✅individuals' personal perceptions of their overall happiness and
life satisfaction
Evolutionary perspective ✅-adaptation and reproductive successes drive trait and
behavior development
-biology and behavior do not occur in a vacuum and constantly interact
Birth cohort ✅set of people who were born during the same era and who face similar
societal circumstances brought about by their shared position in the overall age
structure of the population
Socioeconomic status ✅A person's position in society as determined by income,
wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors
Evidence-based medicine ✅the use of current best evidence in making decisions
about the care of individual patients or the delivery of health services
,Confirmation bias ✅a form of faulty reasoning in which expectations prevent people
from seeing alternative explanation for their observations
Epidemiology ✅the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within
a population
Observational studies, structured vs. Unstructured ✅a non experimental research
method in which a researcher observes and records the behavior of a research
participant.
Structured: take place in a laboratory and involve tasks such as role playing or
responding to a very cold stimulus
Unstructured: researcher attempts to be as unobtrustive as possible in observing and
recording behavior
Correlation coefficient ✅a statistical measure of the strength and direction of the
association between two variables
Experimental research methods (independent variable, dependent variable, random
assignment) ✅Independent variable: variable whose effect is being studied
Dependent variable: the variable that depends on the effect of the independent variable
(what is being measured)
Random Assignment: research participants grouped randomly to minimize preexisting
differences
Morbidity ✅number of cases of a specific illness, injury, or disability in a given group of
people at a given time
Mortality ✅the number of deaths due to a specific cause in a given group at a given
time
Etiology ✅study of the causes or origins of a specific disease
Incidence ✅the number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur in a specific
population within a defined time interval
Prevalence ✅the total number of diagnosed cases of a disease or condition that exist
at a given time
3 fundamental objectives of epidemiological research ✅1- pinpoint the etiology of a
particular disease to generate hpotheses
, 2- evaluate the hypotheses
3- test the effectiveness of specific prevantative health interventions
Qualitative studies ✅-Focuses on qualities instead of quantities
-Often uses participants' expressed ideas as part of qualitative studies
-May be combined with experimental methods to make investigations more
comprehensive
Research ethics ✅-informed consent: permission granted by a client, patient, or
research participant with full knowledge of the potential risks of involved in a treatment,
procedure, or research study
-Protection from harm: protect participants from harm or discomfort
-Confidentiality: keep informaton about individual participants private
-Debriefing: research participants given more details about the study following its
completion
Central Nervous System (CNS) ✅brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system ✅the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central
nervous system to the rest of the body
Autonomic nervous system ✅The part of the PNS that controls the glands and the
muscles of the internal organs.
Sympathetic nervous system ✅the division of the autonomic nervous system that
arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
Parasympathetic nervous system ✅the division of the autonomic nervous system that
calms the body, conserving its energy
Neurons ✅nerve cells that send and receive signals across synapses
Neurotransmitters ✅Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
Synaptic transmission ✅The relaying of information across the synapse by means of
chemical neurotransmitters.
Lower Level Structures of the Brain ✅Brainstem: oldest part and central core of the
brain, responsible for autonomic survival functions
Medulla: base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing
Pons: two pairs of thick stalks located on top of brainstem, regulate sleep, breathing,
swallowing, bladder control, etc.
Thalamus: brain's sensory switchboard on top of brainstem, directs messages to
cerebral cortex
