Class notes
Nurs 222 Week 2 Lecture Notes
- Course
- MENTAL HEALTH NURS 222
- Institution
- West Coast University
Comprehensive and detailed mental health lecture note on week 2. * Essential!! * Precise!! * For you!!
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Mental Health Week 2 NotesSCHIZOPHRENIA: Psychotic Disorder marked by impaired thinking, emotions, behaviors, and
inability to perceive reality
- In about 75% of those with schizophrenia the disorder develops gradually, usually presenting
between 15 and 25 years of age
- Diagnosed more frequently in males vs. female
Diathesis-Stress Model: Is probably the best explanation for the existence of Schizophrenia
Biological Factors
- Genetic = The percentage of a shared disorder in twins are about 50% for identical twins and
about 15% for fraternal twins
- Neurobiological = Dopamine Theory
o Dopamine as well as serotonin plays a significant role in psychosis
▪ Serotonin = Phencyclidine (PCP)
- Brain chemistry = Structural brain abnormalities
5 TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA (Most dangerous are Catatonic, Disorganized, and Paranoid)
1) Catatonic = Psychomotor disturbances in movement – Muscular rigidity (stiffness), stupor
(motionless for long periods of time, coma-like), agitation, bizarre posturing, repetitive
imitations of the movements or speech of other individual.
*Risk for exhaustion, pneumonia, blood clotting, malnutrition, or dehydration*
▪ Immobility
▪ Waxy Flexibility: Maintaining a specific position for an extended period of time
▪ Automatic Obedience: Responding in a robot-like manner
▪ Echolalia: The client repeats the words spoken to him
▪ Repetitive behavior
2) Disorganized (Hebephrenic) – Social withdrawal (Patient may be fidgeting)
▪ Disorganized speech
▪ Flat inappropriate affect
▪ Grimacing mannerisms
3) Paranoid = Suspiciousness (Positive/Cognitive Symptoms) – Do not trust anyone, at risk for
suicide and violent behaviors under delusions
▪ Persecutory themes
▪ Violence
▪ Delusions
▪ Auditory Hallucination
▪ Aloofness = withdrawal
4) Residual = Diagnosed with schizophrenia in the past (time limited between attacks). May not
experience at a present time the positive symptoms. But may experience the negative
symptoms such as withdrawal from others or Social Isolation.
5) Undifferentiated = Do not meet the criteria for catatonic, disorganized, paranoid but
experience the positive and negative symptoms
, NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS: Absence of things that are normally present
- These manifestations are more difficult to treat successfully than positive settings
Types of Negative Symptoms
1) Affect = Usually Blunt (Reduced or minimal emotional response) or Flat (Blank facial
expression)
o Ex: Autism children
2) Alogia = Reduction of speech; mumbling or responding vaguely to questions
o Also called Poverty of Speech
3) Aloof = Emotionally cold and detached or indifferent; disinterested or withdrawal
4) Anergia: Lack of Energy
5) Anhedonia: Lack of pleasure or joy
6) Anosognosia = Lack of understanding that they have an illness
o Inability to realize they are ill caused by the illness itself
7) Avolition: Lack of motivation in activities and hygiene
Affective Symptoms: Symptoms involving emotions and their expression
- Manifestations involving emotions are Hopelessness, Suicidal ideation, Unstable or rapid
changing mood
DELUSIONS: False belief held despite a lack of evidence to support them
Types of Delusions
1) Persecutory = Believing that one is being singled out for harm, or prevented from making
progress, by others most by the FBI, CIA, or GOVERNMENT
o Ex: Shannon believes that her food is poisoned; therefore, she eats only prepackaged
food. John believes co-workers plot to prevent his promotion.
2) Ideas of Reference (Referential) = Believes that others, who are discussing something are
talking about them
o A belief that events or circumstances that have no connection to you are somehow related
to you
o Ex: Barbara believes that the birds sing songs to cheer her up. Andrea believes songs on
the radio are chosen to send her a message.
3) Grandiose = Believing that one is a very powerful or important person. Think they are a god
4) Erotomanic = Believing that another person desires you romantically
o Ex: Although he barely knows her, Patty insists that Eric would marry her if only his
current wife would stop interfering.
5) Thought Broadcasting = Believes that their thoughts are heard by others
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