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NSG 533 Exam 1 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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NSG 533 Exam 1 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+
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NSG 533 Exam 1Questions and
Complete Solutions
Graded A+
Denning [Date] [Course title]
,5 essential components of pathophysiology - Answer: 1. Etiology
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease - Answer: idiopathic and cryptogenic
define iatrogenic - Answer: etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical intervention
define incidence of epidemiology - Answer: the new number of cases in a given population in a specific
time period
define prevalence of epidemiology - Answer: number of cases, both old and new, during a specific time
period
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - Answer: 1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
what is the most common stressor of disease - Answer: ATP deletion
what are the two phases of ATP production? - Answer: 1. Anaerobic (glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - Answer: 2
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - Answer: 36
, in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production may be impaired? - Answer: 1.
Hypoxia
2.
ischemia - Answer: reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - Answer: obstruction --> ischemia --> decreased ATP
production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b) increased anaerobic glycolysis
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP production - Answer:
normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and potassium freely exits the
cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - Answer: Rough ER with ribosomes on the surface
explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased ATP production -
Answer: glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
define free radicals - Answer: unstable compounds with an unpaired electron
why are free radicals bad? - Answer: they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell and drill holes in its
membrane
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