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Summary AP Psychology Unit 8 Comprehensive Notes
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Very in-depth, well-explained set of notes with examples and videos.
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Emotion- Full body response
- 4 part process: physiological effects (bodily arousal), cognitive interpretation (conscious
experience), behavioral expression (characteristic overt expressions), subjective feelings
- Subjective feelings → emotions are automatic reacts, hard to regulate
- All emotions involve a state of mental and physical arousal focused on some event of
importance
- Bodily arousal
- Emotions are usually accompanied by physiological effects
- Autonomic nervous system responds to emotions
- Galvanic Skin Response: increase in the electrical conductivity of skin that
occurs when sweat glands increase activity
- Polygraph: lie detector test → records autonomic fluctuations (heart rate,
breathing) while a subject is questioned
- Emotion and motivation are a complementary process
- Emotion emphasizes arousal (physical and mental) → while motivation emphasizes how
this arousal becomes action
- Emotion helps us respond to important situations and convey our intentions to others
- Emotions are result of genetics and learning, esp early in life
- Serve as arousal states that help organisms cope with important recurring situations
- Learned emotional responses and genetics are important components to many psych
disorders → ie. depression, anxiety disorders, phobias
- People share a set of universal emotion expressions that support idea of a biological
heritage in human species
- Ability to read facial expression is universal AND ageless
- Children as young as 5 can recognize emotion just as well as an adult
Paul Ekmann’s 7 Basic Emotion
- We recognize seven basic emotions: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt,
happiness, surprise ← according to Paul Ekman
- These 7 emotions are universal but display rules vary from culture
- Display rules: permissible ways of displaying emotions in a given society
- Ie. in Japanese culture, making eye contact is very rude
- Anger → eyebrows down and together, eyes glare, narrowing lips
- Contempt → lip corner tight and raised only on one side of face
- Disgust → nose wrinkled, upper lip raised
- Fear → eyebrows raised and together, upper eyelids raised, tense lower eyelids, lips
slightly stretched horizontally back
- Happiness → crow’s feet wrinkles, pushed up cheeks, movement of muscle around eye
- Sadness → drooping upper eyelids, losing focus in eyes, slight pulling down lip corners
- Surprise → eyebrows raised, eyes wide, mouth open
- Lasts only a few seconds
,Facial Feedback Hypothesis
- Each basic emotion is associated with unique facial expression
- Facial expressions provide feedback to brain abt the emotion being expressed → which
causes and intensifies the emotion
- Ie. the more one smiles, the happier one feels
Robert Plutchik’s Emotion Wheel
- Robert Plutchick suggests that we have eight primary emotions and eight secondary
emotions → rather than 7 according to Ekman
- Shown on his “emotion wheel”
- More complex emotions occur when pairs of adjacent emotions combine
- Ie. love is combination of joy and acceptance
Emotion and the Brain
- We have two distinct emotional pathways in brain
- One is fast and operates at unconscious level → screens incoming stimuli and
helps respond quickly to stimuli before reaching consciousness
- Evolutionary theory of emotion: response to stimuli has evolved through
natural selection
- These cues have a built in, innate sensitivity to certain cues
- Which is why have more fears to spiders or heights rather than
cars or electricity
- Other pathways is slower and linked to explicit memory
- Though it generates emotions more slowly → delivers more complex
information to our consciousness
- Relies on cerebral cortex
- Limbic system = emotion
- Both pathways above rely on limbic system
- Amygdala plays important role in both emotion pathways
- In the past, they thought amygdala was only involved in negative
emotions
- But it plays a role in positive and negative
, - Emotion provoking stimulus (ie. shark) → neural signal travel down two pathways to
amygdala
- “Low road” pathway → underneath cortex → fast, simple path → allow quick
responses to stimulus → sometimes unconscious
- “High road” pathways → uses cortical pathways → slow, more complex → allow
recognize threat and take more conscious control of emotional response
- Ie. low road says “danger” → high road says “it’s a shark”
- Lateralization of emotion → each hemisphere specializes in diff classes of emotion
- Different parts of brain deal with diff emotions
- In cerebral cortex, right = negative emotions and left = positive emotions
Emotion and Gender
- In our culture, women are viewed as more emotional
- Two reasons:
1. Biology and genetic makeup → women have lighter levels of certain hormones →
leading to “having more emotion”
2. Culture → biggest reason
- Boys were taught to hide emotions → that they are a “weakness,” while
emotions that show strength and dominance were praised
- Girls are taught opposite
- Display rules: norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotion
Gender Effects on Emotion
- Women:
- Better at detecting emotions → esp nonverbal cues
- Smiles more
- More expressive faces
- Talks more readily about emotion
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