MMSC 360 Final UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
MHC restriction - Correct Answer- selection of T cells that react with MHC antigens that are
produced by and found on host (self) cells and causing their death by apoptosis
-occurs because functional T cells need to be able to recognize both foreign AND self MHC
antigens
cytokines - Correct Answer- soluble mediators that bind to receptors on target cells to cause
hormone like actions and alter the activity of target cells
interleukins (IL) - Correct Answer- cytokines that are released by WBCs to recruit more
WBCs and other soluble factors during inflammation
interferons (IFN) - Correct Answer- three classes of cytokines (named I, II and III) that are
released by T cells and other cells in order to interfere with viral replication and act as
immune regulators
-host cells that are dying of viral infection will release these molecules to "warn" neighboring
cells to produce anti-viral proteins and protect themselves
monokines - Correct Answer- cytokines that are produced by macrophages and other
mononuclear phagocytes
-may include IL's, TNF's, IFNs and colony stimulating factor
lymphokines - Correct Answer- cytokines that are released by lymphocytes
-T cells will release them in response to certain antigens
anergy - Correct Answer- a state of immune unresponsiveness to an antigen that the body
should recognize due to previous infection
-occurs in immunodeficiency of the CMI, seen in HIV infection
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) (MHC molecules) - Correct Answer- a protein that is coded
for by MHC genes which plays a role in immune response and rejected of transplants
,-not only present on leukocytes, just discovered there first
MHC (HLA) I - Correct Answer- molecules that are found on the surface of all nucleated
cells that allow endogenous antigens (synthesized inside the cell) to be presented
-present antigens to CD8+ T cells and cytotoxic T cells
MHC (HLA) II - Correct Answer- molecules found only on antigen presenting cells that
allow exogenous antigens (synthesized outside the cell) that were phagocytize to be presented
-present antigens to CD4+ T cells
primary lymphoid tissue - Correct Answer- tissues in which lymphocytes are maturing,
differentiating, or proliferating
-thymus
-bone marrow
thymus - Correct Answer- a patch of primary lymphoid tissue that is located above the heart
-secretes hormones
-site of T lymphocyte production
bone marrow - Correct Answer- primary lymphoid tissue that is present inside of long bones
-site of B lymphocyte production and maturation (differentiation occurs later in lymphoid
tissue)
secondary lymphoid tissue - Correct Answer- organs that contain mature lymphocytes, main
sites of where the lymphocytes come into contact with foreign antigens
-spleen
-lymph nodes
-appendix
-tonsils
-other MALT
,major histocompatability complex (MHC) - Correct Answer- the genes that control the
expression of human leukocyte antigens (HLA's / MHC molecules), the proteins involved in
regulation of immune response and recognition of "self" in graft rejection
-these genes are polymorphic and therefore have multiple alleles at each loci so they have the
ability to produce many combinations of alleles and express many diverse human leukocyte
antigens (MHC molecules)
women - Correct Answer- tend to have a stronger and faster immune response compared to
men, which is required when carrying offspring/ reproducing
macrophages - Correct Answer- major antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the body (most
common/ numerous)
-express MHC II molecules
-release monokines to activate memory and activated T cells
-are a type of mononuclear phagocytic cells
monocytes - Correct Answer- accessory cells in the immune response
-mononuclear phagocytic cells
dendritic cells - Correct Answer- the most effective APCs because they constantly express
MHC II molecules and co-stimulatory factors
-mononuclear phagocytic cells
T helper cells (Th) - Correct Answer- CD4+ T lymphocytes which recognize specific antigens
that are presented in association with MHC II molecules
-Th I cells are involved in CMI response
-Th II cells are involved in HMI response
-Th 17 cells are pro-inflammatory
cytotoxic T cells (Tc) - Correct Answer- CD8+ T lymphocytes that recognize and attack virus
infected cells
regulatory T cells (Treg) - Correct Answer- CD4+ and CD25+ T lymphocytes that secrete
inhibitory cytokines to inactivate T cells that recognize self (host) antigens
, delayed type hypersensitivity effector cells (Tdth) - Correct Answer- CD4+ T lymphocytes
that are subject to MHC restriction (likely to only react with self MHC, not foreign antigens)
memory T cells (Tm) - Correct Answer- T lymphocytes that are created during a primary
immune response and are sensitized to recognize the specific antigen that caused the immune
response
-participate in anamnestic response during subsequent exposure to the same pathogen
natural killer T cells (NKT) - Correct Answer- natural killer cells that have a T cell receptor
(TCR) and secrete IL4 and IFN gamma to kill foreign cells without prior exposure to them
natural killer cells (NK) - Correct Answer- -have no T cell receptor (TCR) or immunologic
memory
-contain perforin and granzymes that allow the cell to target and kill infected cells and tumor
cells without prior exposure to them
-are able to kill by direct contact with foreign cells and recognition of non-self MHC (HLA)
molecules
-able to kill by antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
B lymphocytes - Correct Answer- -have IgM, CD19 and CD20 surface markers
-produce antibodies and act as antigen presenting cells
-can directly bind antigens
antigen presenting cells - Correct Answer- -dendritic cells
-macrophages
-B lymphocytes
T cell receptor (TCR) - Correct Answer- epitope specific receptor that functions as an antigen
recognition site on T cells
-all receptors on a single T cell are recognize the same epitope
-these receptors have low affinity for antigens, and therefore T lymphocytes require
additional interactions, such as MHC
-are made up of an a and B polypeptide chain (heterodimer) linked by disulfide bonds
Questions and CORRECT Answers
MHC restriction - Correct Answer- selection of T cells that react with MHC antigens that are
produced by and found on host (self) cells and causing their death by apoptosis
-occurs because functional T cells need to be able to recognize both foreign AND self MHC
antigens
cytokines - Correct Answer- soluble mediators that bind to receptors on target cells to cause
hormone like actions and alter the activity of target cells
interleukins (IL) - Correct Answer- cytokines that are released by WBCs to recruit more
WBCs and other soluble factors during inflammation
interferons (IFN) - Correct Answer- three classes of cytokines (named I, II and III) that are
released by T cells and other cells in order to interfere with viral replication and act as
immune regulators
-host cells that are dying of viral infection will release these molecules to "warn" neighboring
cells to produce anti-viral proteins and protect themselves
monokines - Correct Answer- cytokines that are produced by macrophages and other
mononuclear phagocytes
-may include IL's, TNF's, IFNs and colony stimulating factor
lymphokines - Correct Answer- cytokines that are released by lymphocytes
-T cells will release them in response to certain antigens
anergy - Correct Answer- a state of immune unresponsiveness to an antigen that the body
should recognize due to previous infection
-occurs in immunodeficiency of the CMI, seen in HIV infection
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) (MHC molecules) - Correct Answer- a protein that is coded
for by MHC genes which plays a role in immune response and rejected of transplants
,-not only present on leukocytes, just discovered there first
MHC (HLA) I - Correct Answer- molecules that are found on the surface of all nucleated
cells that allow endogenous antigens (synthesized inside the cell) to be presented
-present antigens to CD8+ T cells and cytotoxic T cells
MHC (HLA) II - Correct Answer- molecules found only on antigen presenting cells that
allow exogenous antigens (synthesized outside the cell) that were phagocytize to be presented
-present antigens to CD4+ T cells
primary lymphoid tissue - Correct Answer- tissues in which lymphocytes are maturing,
differentiating, or proliferating
-thymus
-bone marrow
thymus - Correct Answer- a patch of primary lymphoid tissue that is located above the heart
-secretes hormones
-site of T lymphocyte production
bone marrow - Correct Answer- primary lymphoid tissue that is present inside of long bones
-site of B lymphocyte production and maturation (differentiation occurs later in lymphoid
tissue)
secondary lymphoid tissue - Correct Answer- organs that contain mature lymphocytes, main
sites of where the lymphocytes come into contact with foreign antigens
-spleen
-lymph nodes
-appendix
-tonsils
-other MALT
,major histocompatability complex (MHC) - Correct Answer- the genes that control the
expression of human leukocyte antigens (HLA's / MHC molecules), the proteins involved in
regulation of immune response and recognition of "self" in graft rejection
-these genes are polymorphic and therefore have multiple alleles at each loci so they have the
ability to produce many combinations of alleles and express many diverse human leukocyte
antigens (MHC molecules)
women - Correct Answer- tend to have a stronger and faster immune response compared to
men, which is required when carrying offspring/ reproducing
macrophages - Correct Answer- major antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the body (most
common/ numerous)
-express MHC II molecules
-release monokines to activate memory and activated T cells
-are a type of mononuclear phagocytic cells
monocytes - Correct Answer- accessory cells in the immune response
-mononuclear phagocytic cells
dendritic cells - Correct Answer- the most effective APCs because they constantly express
MHC II molecules and co-stimulatory factors
-mononuclear phagocytic cells
T helper cells (Th) - Correct Answer- CD4+ T lymphocytes which recognize specific antigens
that are presented in association with MHC II molecules
-Th I cells are involved in CMI response
-Th II cells are involved in HMI response
-Th 17 cells are pro-inflammatory
cytotoxic T cells (Tc) - Correct Answer- CD8+ T lymphocytes that recognize and attack virus
infected cells
regulatory T cells (Treg) - Correct Answer- CD4+ and CD25+ T lymphocytes that secrete
inhibitory cytokines to inactivate T cells that recognize self (host) antigens
, delayed type hypersensitivity effector cells (Tdth) - Correct Answer- CD4+ T lymphocytes
that are subject to MHC restriction (likely to only react with self MHC, not foreign antigens)
memory T cells (Tm) - Correct Answer- T lymphocytes that are created during a primary
immune response and are sensitized to recognize the specific antigen that caused the immune
response
-participate in anamnestic response during subsequent exposure to the same pathogen
natural killer T cells (NKT) - Correct Answer- natural killer cells that have a T cell receptor
(TCR) and secrete IL4 and IFN gamma to kill foreign cells without prior exposure to them
natural killer cells (NK) - Correct Answer- -have no T cell receptor (TCR) or immunologic
memory
-contain perforin and granzymes that allow the cell to target and kill infected cells and tumor
cells without prior exposure to them
-are able to kill by direct contact with foreign cells and recognition of non-self MHC (HLA)
molecules
-able to kill by antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
B lymphocytes - Correct Answer- -have IgM, CD19 and CD20 surface markers
-produce antibodies and act as antigen presenting cells
-can directly bind antigens
antigen presenting cells - Correct Answer- -dendritic cells
-macrophages
-B lymphocytes
T cell receptor (TCR) - Correct Answer- epitope specific receptor that functions as an antigen
recognition site on T cells
-all receptors on a single T cell are recognize the same epitope
-these receptors have low affinity for antigens, and therefore T lymphocytes require
additional interactions, such as MHC
-are made up of an a and B polypeptide chain (heterodimer) linked by disulfide bonds
