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ABSC 160 Chapter 2- Theories of Development Exam Solved 2024
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ABSC 160 Chapter 2- Theories of Development Exam Solved 2024
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ABSC 160 Chapter 2- Theories ofDevelopment Exam Solved 2024
9 criteria for evaluating theories - ANSWER-accuracy- does the theory describe actual
events? Do this through observation.
clarity- does the theory provide a clear explanation, such that a competent person would
understand it?
predictability- does the theory accurately predict future events? How specific are the
predictions?
practicality- does the theory provide useful information? How applicable is this to
everyday life?
internal consistency- does the theory use the same principles to explain multiple
situations? Does the theory build on itself, rather than create new explanations? A
baseball bat is used effectively to achieve different goals. A golf club is not.
parsimony- occams razor (the simplest theory is usually the best one). Does the theory
use the simplest explanation possible? What does the theory assume that hasn't been
proven?
testability- can you demonstrate that the.theory does or doesn't work? What makes it so
the theory can or can't be tested?
productivity- does the theory result in additional questions about the explanations? Do
the answers to new questions support the theory?
self-satisfying- does the theory make sense? Is it just jibberish? How does the theory fit
with what you know from experience?
A child who acts out as a result of a traumatic experience would MOST likely be
explained in developmental theories as changing due to ______. - ANSWER-an
external process
A good theory should be universal, applying to children in all situations. T/F - ANSWER-
False
accommodation - ANSWER-changing mental schemas so they fit new experiences. As
his mother points out the unique features of an elephant, the child accommodates this
new information by creating a new schema, one for elephants.
, Adriana lives in a rural county in the western United States. She plans to watch the first
commercial space rocket launch on television. One day, Adriana says that she is going
to be an astronaut as well. According to Bronfenbrenner, this first commercial launch
would represent which part of his theory? - ANSWER-Chronosytem
An adult's statement "you are playing very nicely with your sister" is an example of
which concept? - ANSWER-reinforcement
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - ANSWER-Application of operant conditioning
techniques to change behavior of individuals with a range of difficulties, including autism
spectrum disorder.
assimilation - ANSWER-Fitting new information into existing mental schemas. Take the
example of a little boy who goes to the zoo and sees an elephant for the first time. He
turns to his mother and says, "Look, it's a big doggy with two tails." This child does not
have a schema that helps him make sense of an animal with both a trunk and a tail, so
he tries to fit this new experience into one of his existing concepts.
behaviorism - ANSWER-the theory developed by John B Watson that focused on
environmental control of observable behavior. concentrated on what he could see:
behavior, or what people do.
Bronfenbrenner used a holistic approach to the influences on development. T/F -
ANSWER-True
Chronosystem - ANSWER-In ecological systems theory, the dimension of time,
including one's age and the time in history in which one lives. In ecological systems
theory, the dimension of time, including one's age and the time in history in which one
lives.
classical conditioning - ANSWER-The process by which a stimulus (the unconditioned
stimulus) that naturally evokes a certain response (the unconditioned response) is
paired repeatedly with a neutral stimulus. Eventually the neutral stimulus becomes the
conditioned stimulus and evokes the same response, now called the conditioned
response. Watson carried out an experiment with Little Albert. Watson demonstrated
that he could produce fear in a human infant in response to a particular stimulus. For
Little Albert, the loud sound was an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) because his fear was
automatic, an unconditioned response (UCR). Watson then carried out the process of
classicalconditioning by making the loud sound every time he showed Albert the white
rat. Little Albert cried because of the loud sound, but soon began to express fear by
crying as soon as he saw the white rat. Eventually Watson stopped making the loud
sound, and yet every time he showed Little Albert the white rat, the infant continued to
show fear. In this process, the white rat became the conditioned stimulus (CS) and
Albert's fear of the white rat became the conditioned response (CR). The fear also
generalized to other furry creatures.
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