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ABSC 160 Final Study Guide with Complete Solutions
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ABSC 160 Final Study Guide with Complete Solutions
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ABSC 160 Final Study Guide withComplete Solutions
- Achievement gap - what is it and be able to recognize it when looking at graphs -
ANSWER-o Persistent disparity of educational measures between the performance of
groups of students
- Groups based on SES, race/ethnicity, and gender
o Observed on standardized test scores, GPA, dropout rates, and college enrollment
and completion rates
- Apgar test, when administered, and why - ANSWER-o Apgar Scale- an assessment of
a newborn's overall condition at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth that is based on the
newborn's activity level, pulse, grimace, appearance, and respiration
- Attachment patterns, caregiver contributions - ANSWER--Secure:
Child uses caregiver as a secure base for exploration. Child is happy and secure.
Caregiver responds appropriately, promptly, and consistently to needs
-Avoidant: Child is not very explorative and is emotionally distant
Caregiver shows little or no response to distressed child
Caregiver is disengaged and distant
-ambivalent/resistant
Child is unable to use caregiver as a secure base, seeking proximity before separation
occurs. Distressed on separation. Child is anxious, insecure, and angry.
Caregiver is inconsistent between appropriate and neglectful responses. Generally will
only respond after increased attachment behavior from infant
- Disorganized
Child is depressed, angry, passive, and nonresponsive
Caregiver is erratic; exhibits frightened or frightening behavior, intrusiveness,
withdrawal, and negativity. Very often associated with many forms of abuse towards
child
- Behavior analytic view of cognitive development (define cognition and the various
public behaviors) - ANSWER-o Cognition
- The act or process of knowing
- Knowing = thinking
- Thinking = behavior
- Thinking occurs within the skin
- A "private event"
o Public Behaviors
- Knowledge and ability
- Problem solving
- Exploratory behavior
- Creative behavior
, - Behavior-analytic and cognitive developmental approaches to morality (and stages of
moral development) - ANSWER-o Behavior-analytic approach
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
- Imitation
- Rule-governed behavior
- Contingency-shaped behavior
o Behavior analytic Approach
- Moral development is a continuous process
· Behavior changes evolve on a moment-to-moment basis
· There are not distinct stages
- The unique history of contingencies of each individual results in differences in moral-
behavior patterns
- The unique history of contingencies of each individual results in the development of
rules governing moral behavior
- Morality -> system of rule-governed behavior -> reinforce behavior that follows the
rules
Cognitive-Developmental Approach Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Agreed
with Piaget's theory but wanted to develop them further Level 1: Preconventional
morality
Stage 1: obedience and punishment: behavior driven by avoiding punishment
Stage 2: individual interest: behavior driven by self interest and rewards
Level 2: Conventional morality
Stage 3: interpersonal: behavior driven by social approval
Stage 4: authority: behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order
Level 3: Post-conventional morality
Stage 5: social contract: behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights
Stage 6: universal ethics: behavior driven by internal moral principles
- Benefits and limitations of unstructured vs structured time; how to maximize
effectiveness of both - ANSWER-o Balance structured and unstructured time
- Ensure structured activities are well supervised (opportunity for achievement,
socialization with peers and adults, excitement shared with a group)
o Structured activities: taught by a knowledgeable adult
- Classes: music, gymnastics, dance, karate, soccer, bowling
o Unstructured activities: not directed by an adult (aka "free time")
- Playing on playground
- May lead to: delinquency (limitation)
- May lead to interpersonal skills and social health (benefit)
- Benefits of mentoring programs and features that make them most effective -
ANSWER-
- Bowlby's stages of attachment (focus on separation anxiety/protests) - ANSWER--
Preattachment- the stage of development of attachment from birth to 6 weeks, in which
infant sensory preferences bring infants into close connection with parents
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