These notes cover the fourth chapter of the course, including the lecture, readings, and essential discussions. Whether you missed a class, need to review for exams, or want a concise summary of complex topics, these notes are your go-to resource. They are ideal for students who want to save time ...
immune system
the immune system is a complex interaction of several systems in your body
•integument
•blood
•lymphatic system
to understand immunity you must have basic knowledge of the above systems
external barriers are your first line of defense against infections
•skin: forms a protective outer layer that most viruses and bacteria cannot penetrate
•hairs and cilia: sweep particles outward until they can be expelled
•mucous membranes: secrete mucus, a sticky fluid that traps particles
•gastric juice: kills most of the bacteria you swallow
blood contains cells in liquid:
plasma-> makes up over half the volume of blood.
blood = 52% water
blood = 3% proteins, electrolytes, and substances being transported
cellular elements-> make up just under half of the volume of blood
blood = 44% red blood cells
blood = 1% white blood cells and platelets
white blood cells: produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue that fight foreign substances
phagocytic cells: ingest and destroy foreign substances. ex: neutrophils and macrophages
neutrophils-> first to respond to infection but die quickly
macrophages-> develop from monocytes, leave blood and enter tissue, can ingest more than
neutrophils, protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in spleen and liver
basophils-> made in red bone marrow, leave blood and enter infected tissues
eosinophils-> produced in red bone marrow, release chemicals to reduce inflammation
lymphocytes-> develop into B & T cells, produce immune response
white blood cells are a key part of your immune system
-there are two types of white blood cells: innate cells (pre-made and ready to work) and
lymphocytes (produced after contact with a specific invader
blood contains self-sealing substances that respond to injury
•almost immediately after damage, platelets form a sticky plug that can seal a minor break
•molecules of fibrin cross link to form a clot which if on your skin is called a scab
the inflammatory response is a nonspecific defense against tissue damage
•the cells of a damaged tissue release chemicals (such as histamine) that trigger the
inflammatory response
•blood vessels weaken causing swelling
•white blood cells called phagocytes engulf and destroy bacteria
if an invader enters the body, the complement system can provide protection
•proteins of the complement system assemble on the surface of an invading bacteria cell, forming
a hole
•this causes the bacterial cell to swell and eventually burst: activate inflammation, label
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