MBG 4040 molecular biology of development 227
exam prep possible questions and answers
University of Guelph
, MBG 4040 molecular biology of development 227 exam prep possible questions
and answers University of Guelph
Why do we study genetics? Provide an example for each. - CORRECT ANSWER -genetics plays a
critical role in understanding disease (i.e. in understanding cancer)
-genetics improves agricultural practices (we can manipulate crops so they are more resistant
to pests and drought)
-genetics used biotechnology industry for drug design, development, and production
(transcription factors are targets of drugs, so understanding genes helps us to make drugs that
are effective)
What is a gene? - CORRECT ANSWER the fundamental unit of heredity- it is a genetic factor
(region of DNA) that helps determine a characteristic
What do genes come in? - CORRECT ANSWER Multiple forms called alleles
What does genotype confer? (grant or bestow) - CORRECT ANSWER phenotype
What is genetic information carried in? - CORRECT ANSWER DNA
Where are genes located? - CORRECT ANSWER on chromosomes
How is genetic information transferred? - CORRECT ANSWER from DNA, to RNA, to protein
What is an allele? - CORRECT ANSWER One of two or more alternative forms of a gene
What is a locus? - CORRECT ANSWER a specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele
,define genotype - CORRECT ANSWER set of alleles possessed by an individual organism
define heterozygote - CORRECT ANSWER an individual organism possessing two different alleles
at a locus
define homozygote - CORRECT ANSWER an individual organism possessing two of the same
alleles at a locus
define phenotype/trait - CORRECT ANSWER the appearance or manifestation of a character
Who discovered the basic principles of heredity? - CORRECT ANSWER Gregor Mendel
What happens in a typical monohybrid cross? - CORRECT ANSWER -Each parental homozygote
produces one type of gamete.
-the F1 heterozygotes produce two kinds of F1 gametes in equal proportions
-self-fertilization of the F1 heterozygotes yields tall and dwarf (in this example) offspring in a 3:1
ratio
What happened in Mendel's dihybrid cross? - CORRECT ANSWER -purpose of the pea
experiment was to see if the two seed traits are inherited independently
-crossed plants that produced yellow, round seeds with plants that produced green, wrinkled
seeds
-F1 seeds were all yellow and round- therefore these are the dominant traits
-self-fertilized F1 generation to yield F2 seeds that represented all possible combinations of the
colour and texture traits
-two classes resembled parental strain
, -the other two showed new combinations of traits
-9:3:3:1 ratio- therefore each trait was controlled by a different gene segregating two alleles,
and the two genes were inherited independently
Describe example of a dihybrid cross - CORRECT ANSWER -Each parental homozygote produces
one kind of gamete
-the F1 heterozygotes produce four kinds of gametes in equal proportions
-self-fertilization of the F1 heterozygotes yields four phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio
What are the pedigree symbols? - CORRECT ANSWER -blank square: unaffected male
-coloured square: affected male
-blank circle: unaffected female
-coloured circle: affected female
-blank diamond: person who's sex is unknown
-square to circle with one line: mating
-square to circle with two lines: consanguineous marriage (inbreeding)
-vertical line from circle and square leading to shape: offspring (and generation line)
-line connecting siblings: sibship line
-identical twins are two shapes from one line from parents
What is a pedigree assumption for rare and autosomal recessive traits? - CORRECT ANSWER -
individuals who mate/marry into the pedigree are not carriers but are homozygous for the
'normal' allele (unless there is evidence to the contrary)
What does a recessive mutation often involve? - CORRECT ANSWER the loss of gene function
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