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Samenvatting 'gastcolleges' - Longen 1

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Samenvatting van de gastcolleges als onderdeel van het vak 'Longen 1' gegeven in de 2e Bachelor Geneeskunde aan de UA. Volledige samenvatting gebaseerd op college slides, eigen lesnotities én handboek. Inhoud - gastcolleges - leerstof tijdens Carrousel en practica

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Inhoudstafel
De tol van roken & principes van rookstop................................................................................................. 7
De grootteorde van tabakroken..................................................................................................................7
Prevalentie......................................................................................................................................7
Determinanten van preventie..............................................................................................8
Tabaksgebruik - naar een gezond België....................................................................................... 8
Toxicologie van roken.................................................................................................................................9
7000 chemicaliën in een sigaret..................................................................................................... 9
De menselijke tol van tabak roken........................................................................................................... 10
Bradford-Hill criteria voor causaliteit van een associatie tussen blootstelling en ziekte............... 10
Pathofysiologie van roken in het ademhalingsstelsel................................................................... 10
Risico van tabak in vergelijking met andere doodsoorzaken....................................................... 10
Organisatie van rookpreventie..................................................................................................................11
Economische kosten van roken....................................................................................................11
Preventie WHO.............................................................................................................................12

Gedragstherapie bij rookstop..................................................................................................................... 13
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 13
Verslaving.................................................................................................................................................13
Lichamelijk....................................................................................................................................14
Meetapparaten..................................................................................................................14
Stoppen met roken................................................................................................................................... 15
Nicotinevervangers (NRT)............................................................................................................ 15
Gedragsmatige aanpak............................................................................................................................ 15
Fasen van gedrasverandering......................................................................................................15
Gedachten controleren................................................................................................................. 16
5 G’s schema....................................................................................................................16
Belang van gedragsmatige aanpak.............................................................................................. 17
Wat werkt er?........................................................................................................................................... 17
Minimale interventie................................................................................................................................. 18
ASK.............................................................................................................................................. 18
ADVISE........................................................................................................................................ 18
ASSESS (beoordelen)..................................................................................................................18
ASSIST.........................................................................................................................................19
ARRANGE....................................................................................................................................19
REFER......................................................................................................................................... 19
Practicum rookstopconsultatie................................................................................................................. 19
Monotherapie................................................................................................................................19
Patch.................................................................................................................................19
Kauwgom..........................................................................................................................20
Zuigtabletten..................................................................................................................... 20
Inhaler...............................................................................................................................20
Spray................................................................................................................................ 20
Combinatietherapie...................................................................................................................... 20
E-sigaret....................................................................................................................................... 21
Heat not Burn............................................................................................................................... 21
Nicopops.......................................................................................................................................21

,De pathologische long (non-neoplastisch)............................................................................................... 21
Pathologie................................................................................................................................................ 21
Non-neoplastische longziektes.....................................................................................................21
Histologie..................................................................................................................................................22
Wandstructuur.............................................................................................................................. 22
Trachea en grotere bronchi.............................................................................................. 23
Bronchus...........................................................................................................................23
Bronchiolus....................................................................................................................... 23
Longparenchym............................................................................................................................23
Patronen van inflammatie.........................................................................................................................24
Acute inflammatie......................................................................................................................... 24
Resolutie van acute inflammatie.......................................................................................24
Vorming van granulatieweefsel.........................................................................................25
Chronische inflammatie................................................................................................................ 25
Granulomateuze inflammatie........................................................................................................26
Aspiratie pneumonie......................................................................................................... 26
Sarcoïdose = duivenmelkerslong..................................................................................... 26
Respiratoire infecties................................................................................................................................27
Pneumonie................................................................................................................................... 27
Lobaire pneumonie........................................................................................................... 27
Pulmonale tuberculose................................................................................................................. 28
Fungale infecties.......................................................................................................................... 28
Aspergillose...................................................................................................................... 28
Obstructieve luchtweginfecties.................................................................................................................29
Ziekte van de bronchiolus.............................................................................................................29
Ziekte van de bronchus................................................................................................................ 30
Chronische bronchitis....................................................................................................... 30
Bronchiëctasie.................................................................................................................. 30
COPD........................................................................................................................................... 30
Emfyseem.........................................................................................................................31
Asthma......................................................................................................................................... 31
Histopathologie................................................................................................................. 31
Interstitiele longziektes (IDL).................................................................................................................... 32
Acute longbeschadiging............................................................................................................... 32
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)........................................................................................ 32
Chronisch diffuse longbeschadiging.............................................................................................33
2 soorten fibrose............................................................................................................... 33
Organising pneumonie................................................................................................................. 34
Pneumoconiosis........................................................................................................................... 34
Asbestose......................................................................................................................... 34
Gecombineerde patronen van longziekten...................................................................................35
Hypersensitieve pneumonitis (HP)................................................................................... 35
Beeldvormings modaliteiten..................................................................................................................... 35
RX vs. CT..................................................................................................................................... 36
RX.................................................................................................................................................36
Standaard thorax-opname................................................................................................ 36
Bedside thorax-opname....................................................................................................36
1

, Anatomie...........................................................................................................................36
CT.................................................................................................................................................37
Verschillende vensters......................................................................................................37
Pulmonaire embolie protocol............................................................................................ 37
Anatomie...........................................................................................................................37
Interpretatie van radiologisch onderzoek................................................................................................. 38
Moeilijkheden bij RX-beelden....................................................................................................... 38
Pathologie – mediastinum........................................................................................................................ 39
Verwijd mediastinum.....................................................................................................................39
Pneumomediastinum....................................................................................................................40
Pneumomediastinum vs. azygos fissure.......................................................................... 41
Pneumoperitoneum...................................................................................................................... 41
Pulmonaire embolie......................................................................................................................41
Pathologie – hilum....................................................................................................................................42
Sarcoïdose................................................................................................................................... 42
Pathologie – bronchiale boom..................................................................................................................43
Pathologie – longparenchym....................................................................................................................43
Atelectase vs. pneumonie............................................................................................................ 44
Pulmonair oedeem....................................................................................................................... 45
Emfyseem.....................................................................................................................................45
Pneumothorax.............................................................................................................................. 46
Tension pneumothorax..................................................................................................... 46
Specifieke infecties.......................................................................................................................46
Tuberculose...................................................................................................................... 47
Aspergillose...................................................................................................................... 47
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonie.................................................................................... 47
Pathologie – pleura.................................................................................................................................. 47
Pathologie – bot en weke delen............................................................................................................... 49
Respiratoire insufficiëntie......................................................................................................................... 50
Acute op chronische respiratoire insufficiëntie............................................................................. 50
Bloedgassen.................................................................................................................................50
2 vormen van respiratoire insufficiëntie........................................................................................ 51
Bloedgaswaarden............................................................................................................. 52
Behandeling..................................................................................................................................53
Type I respiratoire insufficiëntie (longinsufficiëntie) → hypoxemie...........................................................53
Diffusiestoornis............................................................................................................................. 53
R-L shunt...................................................................................................................................... 53
V’/Q’ mismatch............................................................................................................................. 54
Klinische verschijnselen van hypoxemie...................................................................................... 54
Type II respiratoire insufficiëntie (ventilatoire insufficiëntie) → hypercapnie............................................ 54
Oorzaken van chronisch adempompfalen.................................................................................... 55
Ademspierzwakte en hypoventilatie................................................................................. 55
Oorzaken van hypercapnie...........................................................................................................55
Klinische verschijnselen van hypercapnie.................................................................................... 56
Zuurstoftherapie....................................................................................................................................... 56
Acute zuurstoftherapie..................................................................................................................56
Bleomycine en zuurstof.................................................................................................... 56
Acuut myocardinfarct en zuurstof..................................................................................... 57
2

, Zuurstoftoediening............................................................................................................ 57
FI, O2 en zuurstoftoediening............................................................................................ 57
Chronische zuurstoftherapie.........................................................................................................58
Zuurstofbesparing: DODS................................................................................................ 59
High flow nasal oxygen therapy (HFNOT/HFNC)............................................................. 59
Beademing............................................................................................................................................... 60
Niet-invasieve ventilatie (NIV)...................................................................................................... 60
Chronische thuisbeademing............................................................................................. 60
Invasieve ventilatie (IV)................................................................................................................ 61
Tracheostomale beademing (TPPV)................................................................................ 61
Traject: duur en wijze van beademing..........................................................................................61
Conclusie..................................................................................................................................................61

Klinische voorbeelden van longlijden (+ zie ppt.).....................................................................................62
Obstructieve longziekten.......................................................................................................................... 62
COPD........................................................................................................................................... 62
Asthma bronchiale........................................................................................................................63
Medicatie.......................................................................................................................... 63
Mucoviscidose.............................................................................................................................. 63
Compressie van buitenaf..............................................................................................................64
Restrictieve longziekten........................................................................................................................... 64
Idiopathische longfibrose..............................................................................................................64
Kyfoscoliose................................................................................................................................. 65
Maligne pleuraal mesothelioom....................................................................................................65
Hypersensitiviteitspneumonitis..................................................................................................... 66
Het respiratoire controlesysteem..............................................................................................................67
Centrale chemoreceptoren........................................................................................................... 67
Perifere chemoreceptoren............................................................................................................ 67
Relatie tussen ventilatie en Pa, CO2............................................................................................68
CO2 ventilatoire controlesysteem.....................................................................................68
Respiratoir ritme genererend centrum..........................................................................................68
Effect van opioïden (bv. morfine)...................................................................................... 69
Pontiene respiratoire groep (PRG, pons)..................................................................................... 69
Hypoglossus motor nucleus......................................................................................................... 69
Overzicht...................................................................................................................................... 69
Vrijwillige ademhaling (motorische cortex)................................................................................... 69
Controle-feedback systeem..........................................................................................................69
Loop gain.......................................................................................................................... 70
Receptoren in de luchtwegen....................................................................................................... 70
Overige receptoren.......................................................................................................................71
Overzicht...................................................................................................................................... 71
Evaluatie ademhalingscontrole................................................................................................................ 71
Directe methoden......................................................................................................................... 71
Indirecte methoden.......................................................................................................................72
Bloedgassen (ABG).......................................................................................................... 72
Slaaponderzoek................................................................................................................73
Pathologische adempatronen........................................................................................... 74
Nachtelijke ademregulatie bij centrale slaapapneu (CSA)....................................................................... 74
3

, Post-apneïsche hyperventilatie.................................................................................................... 74
Apneudrempel.............................................................................................................................. 74
Slaapgeïnduceerde stijging in Raw.................................................................................. 75
Effect van acetazolamide............................................................................................................. 75
Obstructieve slaapapneu (OSA)...............................................................................................................75
Nachtelijke ademregulatie bij gezonde personen.................................................................................... 75
Verminderde respiratoire (central) drive....................................................................................... 76
Verminderde respiratoire spiertonus.............................................................................................77
Verandering in longmechanica..................................................................................................... 78
Conclusie..................................................................................................................................................78

Obstructieve slaapapneu (OSA)................................................................................................................. 80
Slaapgebonden ademhalingsproblemen..................................................................................................80
Obstructief slaapapneusyndroom............................................................................................................ 80
Apneu-hypopneu-index (AHI)....................................................................................................... 80
Anamnese: symptomen................................................................................................................81
Prevalentie....................................................................................................................................81
Risicofactoren...............................................................................................................................81
Pathogenese................................................................................................................................ 81
Anatomische, structurele verstoring................................................................................. 82
Balance of forces theorie.................................................................................................. 83
Collapsibiliteit van bovenste luchtwegen.......................................................................... 83
OSA als eind-expiratoir probleem.....................................................................................84
Diagnostiek: polysomnografie...................................................................................................... 84
Variabelen.........................................................................................................................84
Normale slaaparchitectuur................................................................................................85
Gevolgen...................................................................................................................................... 85
EEG arousal..................................................................................................................... 85
Hypersomnolentie.............................................................................................................85
Bloeddruk..........................................................................................................................85
Hartritmestoornissen.........................................................................................................86
Overige............................................................................................................................. 86
Behandeling............................................................................................................................................. 86
Heelkunde.................................................................................................................................... 86
Mondprothesen.............................................................................................................................87
Positietherapie..............................................................................................................................87
Neurostimulatie van de tongzenuw.............................................................................................. 87
Nasale ventilatie: CPAP................................................................................................................88
Long-term effect op chemoreceptoren..............................................................................89
Therapietrouw...................................................................................................................89

Centrale slaapapneu (CSA)......................................................................................................................... 91
Centrale slaapapneu (CSA)..................................................................................................................... 91
Pathogenese................................................................................................................................ 91
OSA vs. CSA.................................................................................................................... 91
Arousals............................................................................................................................91
Central Sleep Apnea with Cheyne-Stokes Breathing (CSB)........................................................ 92
Treatment-emergent Central Sleep Apnea (TECSA)................................................................... 92
4

, Opioïd-geïnduceerde centrale slaapapneu.................................................................................. 92
Prevalentie....................................................................................................................................93
Symptomen en behandeling.........................................................................................................93
Ademhalingsstimulerende farmaca: acetazolamide......................................................... 93
Zuurstoftherapie bij Cheyne-Stokes ademhaling..............................................................94
CPAP bij idiopathische CSA............................................................................................. 94
Adaptieve servoventilatie (ASV)....................................................................................... 94
Terugbetaling.................................................................................................................... 94
Conclusie......................................................................................................................................94

Ventilatie in extreme omstandigheden.......................................................................................................95
Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 95
Hoogte fysiologie......................................................................................................................................95
O2-toevoer aan de weefsels.........................................................................................................95
Reactie van het lichaam............................................................................................................... 96
Primair antwoord (adaptatie)............................................................................................ 96
Secundair antwoord (acclimatisatie).................................................................................97
Hypobare hypoxie.........................................................................................................................97
Ventilatoir antwoord op hypobare hypoxie........................................................................97
pulmo-renaal conflict: zuurtegraad vs. O2........................................................................ 98
Lichamelijke problemen en toepassingen.................................................................................... 98
Hoogte-hoofdpijn en hoogteziekte (AMS).........................................................................98
High altitude cerebral oedeem (HACE)............................................................................ 99
High altitude pulmonary oedeem (HAPE).........................................................................99
Behandeling van AMS, HACE, HAPE.............................................................................. 99
Vliegreizen en hypobare hypoxemie.................................................................................99
Besluiten op hoogte......................................................................................................................99
Diepte fysiologie..................................................................................................................................... 100
Vrij duiken = free diving.............................................................................................................. 100
Apnee tijd (maximale vrije duiktijd)................................................................................. 100
Shallow water blackout................................................................................................... 100
Scubaduiken...............................................................................................................................101
Druk/volume relatie.........................................................................................................101
Veranderingen in partieeldruk.........................................................................................102
Maximale oplosbaarheid van een gas............................................................................ 102
Veranderingen in gas densiteit....................................................................................... 102
Impact op de fysiologie van het lichaam.....................................................................................102
Duikgerelateerde issues............................................................................................................. 103
Barotrauma bij duikers....................................................................................................103
Decompressie bij SCUBA...............................................................................................103
Besluiten op diepte..................................................................................................................... 104

Carrousel.................................................................................................................................................... 105
Inhalatie devices.....................................................................................................................................105
Soorten medicatie.......................................................................................................................105
Inhalatiesystemen.......................................................................................................................105
Keuze van inhalatie device............................................................................................. 105
Depositie van medicatie............................................................................................................. 106
5

, Inhalatiemedicatie.......................................................................................................................106
Algemene aanbevelingen............................................................................................... 106
Voorzetkamer..................................................................................................................107
Gebruik van inhalatietoestel....................................................................................................... 107
Inhalatoren..................................................................................................................................107
Vernevelaar.....................................................................................................................107
Dosisaërosol (met en zonder voorzetkamer)..................................................................108
Autohaler ®.....................................................................................................................108
Turbohaler ®...................................................................................................................108
Nexthaler ®.....................................................................................................................109
Easyhaler ®.................................................................................................................... 109
Genuair ®....................................................................................................................... 109
Ellipta ®...........................................................................................................................110
Respimat ®..................................................................................................................... 110
Respiratoire kinesitherapie..................................................................................................................... 110
Cough Assist...............................................................................................................................111
Intrapulmonale percussieventilatie (IPV).................................................................................... 112
Airstacken................................................................................................................................... 113
Thuisventilatie.............................................................................................................................114
CPAP en thuisventilatie.......................................................................................................................... 114
CPAP.......................................................................................................................................... 114
Ademhalings Ondersteuning Thuis (AOT)..................................................................................114
BiPAP en NIV.................................................................................................................. 115
NIV - modussen.............................................................................................................. 115
Bevochtiging............................................................................................................................... 116
Soorten maskers.........................................................................................................................116
Respiratoire O2-therapie........................................................................................................................ 118
O2-tekort en saturatiemeting...................................................................................................... 118
Toedieningswijzen O2.................................................................................................................119
Continu debiet.................................................................................................................119
Puls debiet...................................................................................................................... 119
Zuurstofbronnen in thuissetting.................................................................................................. 119
O2-cilinder (gasfles)........................................................................................................119
O2-concentrator (vast/mobiel)........................................................................................ 119
Vloeibare O2................................................................................................................... 119
Zuurstof sparende toestellen...................................................................................................... 120
Toedieningswijze........................................................................................................................ 120
Laag-debiet systemen.................................................................................................... 120
Hoog-debiet systemen....................................................................................................121
Recente systemen.......................................................................................................... 121




6

,De tol van roken & principes van rookstop
● Kent de gezondheidsimpact van roken op individu en maatschappij
● Kan de directe en indirecte kost van roken omschrijven
● Kan de principes van rookstop interventie benoemen


De grootteorde van tabakroken

Prevalentie




→ Europa heeft de hoogste prevalentie (+/- 1 miljard rokers)




→ 20-25% afname van 2008 naar 2018

⇒ epidemisch karakter van roken verdwijnt bij < 5% (streefdoel)


Determinanten van preventie
● geslacht: mannen > vrouwen
● socio-economische status: hoe beter de opleiding, hoe lager de rookprevalentie
○ lage SES: meer expositie, meer initiatie, meer continueren
● leeftijd: prevalentie stijgt met de leeftijd




→ geslacht




→ sociaal-economische status

7

, Tabaksgebruik - naar een gezond België
● 2018: 15% van de Belgische bevolking rookte dagelijks, wat lager is dan het EU-15-gemiddelde
● het aandeel dagelijkse rokers
○ mannen (18%) > vrouwen (12%)
○ Wallonië (18%) > Brussel (16%) > Vlaanderen (13%) met gestage lineaire daling in België
● de prevalentie van dagelijks roken is tussen 1997 en 2018 met 40% afgenomen
● SES: het aandeel dagelijkse rokers en gebruikers van sigaretten is 2.4x kleiner bij hoger opgeleiden
dan bij lager opgeleiden
● 17% van de jongeren (11-18 jaar) hebben min. één keer tabak geprobeerd, 3.8% roken dagelijks
○ dagelijks roken bij jongeren is significant afgenomen tussen 2006 en 2018
● 4.1% van de bevolking was in 2018 regelmatig gebruiker van e-sigaretten in België, hoger dan het
EU-15-gemiddelde
○ in 2018 hebben meer jongeren e-sigaretten geprobeerd dan gewone sigaretten




Toxicologie van roken
tabak (plant)
● (sub-)tropische jaarplant: 1-3 m hoog
● bladeren 0.5 m lang
○ worden gedroogd en versneden
● bevat nicotine (uitz. de bloemen)
● geschiedenis
○ 1559: geïmporteerd uit Caraïben
○ geplant in de buurt van Toledo: Los Cigarrales
○ 18e eeuw: gekweekt in Virginia als ‘cash crop’
○ 1880: James Bonsack: sigarettenmachine


7000 chemicaliën in een sigaret
koolmonoxide (CO)
● bindt met sterkere affiniteit aan hemoglobine dan O2 → relatieve hypoxie
● korte termijn
○ hoofdpijn, duizeligheid, wazig zicht, ademtekort, verward, pijn op borst, misselijkheid, braken
● lange termijn
○ hart- en vaatlijden

teercomponenten (polycyclische koolwaterstoffen)
● benzo(a)pyreen
○ verbrandingsproduct van biomassa
○ bindt aan guanine-cytosine basenparen van DNA → DNA-adducten (bruggen) →
(epi-)genetische wijzigingen → kanker

zware metalen: cadmium, arsenicum

8

, nicotine
● alkaloïde gevonden in tabak
● agonist van nicotine-acetylcholinereceptoren (nAChR's) in het perifere en centrale zenuwstelsel
● sigaretten bevatten 1-2 mg nicotine, maar hebben bij hogere doses aanzienlijke toxische effecten
○ geschatte dodelijke dosis voor een kind: 10 mg = half pakje sigaretten

vrije radicalen = ongepaard elektron
● pakt elektron af van een ander atoom (kettingreactie)
● ontstaan als gevolg van: roken, ioniserende straling, zonnestralen,
inflammatie…
● het roken van sigaretten geeft 10 000 biljoen (1016) vrije radicalen per inhalatie
● roken: inflammatoire reactie in luchtwegen en alveoli → zuurstofradicalen komen vrij →
DNA-schade
● betrokken bij allerlei ziekten: COPD, kanker, artritis, atherosclerose, Alzheimer, diabetes


De menselijke tol van tabak roken

Bradford-Hill criteria voor causaliteit van een associatie tussen blootstelling en ziekte ❗💥❗
1. sterkte (strenght): relatief risico (RR) van blootgestelde tov niet-blootgestelde
2. consistentie: de mate waarop de bevindingen in dezelfde richting wijzen
3. specificiteit: blootstelling aan goed herleidbare factor(en)
● de blootstellingsfactor moet goed omschreven worden
4. temporele relatie: blootstelling aan de factor moet het optreden van de aandoening voorafgaan
5. biologische gradiënt: een regelmatig toenemend verband tussen dosis en de grootte van het RR
● hoe meer je rookt, hoe groter het risico
6. biologische plausibiliteit: beschikbare informatie over het biologisch mechanisme van de factor op
het ontstaan van de ziekte
● verklaarbaar mechanisme op cellulair niveau (bv. DNA-adducten, O2-radicalen)
7. invloed van interventie: verwijderen van blootstelling doet RR dalen
● bij stoppen met roken vermindert (niet verdwijnt) het risico
8. analogie: gelijkaardige associatie beschreven tussen blootstelling aan de factor en andere ziektes
● niet alleen longkanker, ook mondkanker, halskanker…


Pathofysiologie van roken in het ademhalingsstelsel
● verminderde longgroei en -ontwikkeling in utero ( → lagere longcapaciteit)
● verlamming van cilia
● mucushypersecretie door slijmbekercellen
○ kan moeilijk worden opgehoest door verlamde cilia
● inflammatoire reactie in luchtwegen en alveoli
○ neutrofielen en macrofagen
● hypertrofie van het gladde spierweefsel in de wand van kleine luchtwegen
● afbraak van elastische vezels in het longparenchym van alveoli (= emfyseem)
● ontstaan van DNA-adducten en moleculaire alteraties ( → (long)kanker)


Risico van tabak in vergelijking met andere doodsoorzaken ❗💥❗


9

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