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RDCS Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions Already Passed!!!
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RDCS Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions Already Passed!!!
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RDCS Questions And Answers WithVerified Solutions Already Passed!!!
A patient with a systolic ejection murmur and diminished A2 has what? -
ANSWER✔✔ Aortic Stenosis
What is Congestive Heart Failure? - ANSWER✔✔ Clinical findings that occur when
the heart ( right or left side) is unable to maintain adequate circulation for any
reason. Pump failure.
- Characterized by: fatigue, shortness of breath, peripheral edema and abdominal
distention
What is hypovolemic shock? - ANSWER✔✔ From volume loss or cardiogenic
shock, unable to maintain arterial blood pressure.
-Clinical findings include: prostration, hypotension, pallor, coldness, collapse of
superficial veins, decreased urine output and mental abtundation
Left to right VS Right to let shunts: - ANSWER✔✔ Mot cardiac shunts ( VSDs and
ASDs) shunt left to right due to higher left side pressures. Depending on the shunt
volume there will be right side enlargement and increase pressure
- if uncorrected PHTN may occur. " Eisenmenger's syndrome" is the development
of PHTn from a long standing left to right shunt and the reversal of the shunt to
right-to-left ( patient becomes cyanotic)
What is cor pulmonale? - ANSWER✔✔ Heart disease secondary to disease of the
lungs or pulmonary vasculature. Failure of the right ventricle resulting from
disorders of the lungs, pulmonary vessels or chest wall. Acute ( from pulmonary
embolism) or chronic ( COPD, chronic asthma, emphysema or pulmonary fibrosis).
-Characterized by PHTN, RV hypertrophy and dilatation
,What is tamponade? - ANSWER✔✔ A hemodynamic diagnosis. Increase
intrapericardial pressure causes impaired ventricular filling and decreased cardiac
output. Treatment is pericardiocentesis
What is constrictive pericarditis? - ANSWER✔✔ Fibrosis, thickening of the
pericardium restricting diastolic filling. Treatment is pericardial stripping
(pericardiectomy)
What is the doppler equation? - ANSWER✔✔ V= c/2fo cos0 x F2
Maximum flow is when the doppler beam is? - ANSWER✔✔ Parallel to flow
Compare the two dopplers - ANSWER✔✔ - Pulsed wave: has range resolution and
a limitation on maximum velocity ( think aliasing
- Continuos wave: has range resolution and NO limitation on maximum velocity
What are normal doppler velocities? - ANSWER✔✔ - Mitral diastolic: Children-
1.00(0.7-1.4) [m/sec] ; Adults- .92(.6-1.4) [m/sec]
- Tricuspid diastolic: Children- .62(.5-.9) [m/sec] ; Adults- .58(.4-.8) [m/sec]
- Pulmonary systolic: Children- .84(.6-1.2) [ m/sec] ; Adults- .72(.5-.9) [m/sec]
- Aortic systolic: Children- 1.52(1.2-1.7) [m/sec] ; 1.40(,9-1.8) [m/sec]
What is a typical gradient range for aortic stenosis? - ANSWER✔✔ 3.0 - 5.0 m/sec
, Which valve lesion has the highest doppler peak? - ANSWER✔✔ Mitral
regurgitation
What is laminar? - ANSWER✔✔ Blood cells move in the same direction with
similar velocities, bullet-shaped. Also called parabolic
What is turbulent? - ANSWER✔✔ Disturbed flow, blood cells move in different
directions with varying velocities creating vortices
Laminar flow is considered what? - ANSWER✔✔ Smooth
In laminar flow, where is the area of highest velocity? - ANSWER✔✔ The center
What is smooth flow in the same direction called? - ANSWER✔✔ Laminar or
parabolic
What factors affect flow? - ANSWER✔✔ -Pressure gradient: driving pressure
- Length of blood vessel: longer the vessel, the greater the resistance
- Diameter of blood vessel : smaller the vessel, the greater the resistance
- Blood viscosity: high hematocrit equals higher resistance [ decreased velocity ]
and low hematocrit equals lower resistance [increased velocity]
Higher viscosity = lower velocity - ANSWER✔✔ Lower viscosity = higher velocity
What factors affect jet size? - ANSWER✔✔ - Flow volume
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