Exam (elaborations)
PHM 450 Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
- Course
- PHM 450
- Institution
- Florida State University
PHM 450 Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
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PHM 450 Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions____ is a specific organ toxicant but it has 3 target organs (CNS,
kidneys, hematopoietic system) Correct Answers lead
____ is a specific organ toxicant in that it is primarily toxic to
the blood-forming tissues Correct Answers benzene
_____ accept (remove) radicals from reactive species thereby
reducing or preventing lipid peroxidation Correct Answers
antioxidants
______ are critical targets of toxins because they provide the
majority of the ATP that powers cellular activity Correct
Answers mitochondria
_____, the reactive metabolite of the neurotoxic compound
MPTP, inhibits mitochondrial respiration at complex 1, resulting
in rapid cell death Correct Answers MPP+
4 primary final outcomes of cellular or biochemical toxicity
Correct Answers complete repair, incomplete repair, death of
organism or loss of tissue, neoplasm or cancers
4 stages of toxicokinetics Correct Answers absorption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion
a case in which 2 copies of a gene are required for normal
function, so that removing a single copy leads to mutant
phenotype Correct Answers haplo-insufficient
,a case in which mutations in one allele may lead to a structural
change in the protein that interferes with the function of the
wild-type protein encoded by the other allele Correct Answers
dominant negative mutations
a channel spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM)
and outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) which has a gating
responsibility for osmotic swelling of the mitochondrial matrix
compartment and OMM rupture, cytochrome c is released after
this rupture Correct Answers permeability transition pore
(PTP)
a chemical reaction between 2 compounds that produces a less
toxic product. What kind of antagonism is this? Correct
Answers chemical antagonism (inactivation)
a common dose estimate for acute toxicity in which 50% of the
individuals are expected to die Correct Answers LD50
a common retention dye which is similar to fura-2 AM, easily
crosses the cell membrane in the AM form then once inside the
cell the AM is cleaved and the dye is trapped in the cell as
fluorescent green Correct Answers calcein AM
a complex, multistage process of abnormal cell growth and
differentiation which can lead to cancer Correct Answers
carcinogenicity
a foreign substance taken into the body (may produce beneficial
effects or they may be toxic) Correct Answers xenobiotic
,a general term for the uncontrolled growth of cells that becomes
progressively larger with time; may be benign or malignant
Correct Answers tumor (neoplasm)
a heritable change in the genotype of a cell Correct Answers
mutation
a malignant tumor that has the ability to metastasize or invade
into surrounding tissue Correct Answers cancer
a medical science that is concerned with disease or illness
caused by exposure to toxic substances (usually physicians who
have undergone specialized training in areas that include
emergency medicine and poison management) Correct Answers
clinical toxicology
a mutation involving a change in a single base pair or deletion of
a few base pairs that generally affects the function of a single
gene Correct Answers point mutation
a severe drop in blood pressure due to a barbituate overdose can
be reversed by administration of a vasopressor to increase blood
pressure. This is what kind of antagonism Correct Answers
functional antagonism
a specialized type of target organ toxicity that is a local effect
produced in the tissue or organ of first contact between a
toxicant and the biological system, are very common with
inhaled reactive chemicals that cause irritation in the respiratory
tract Correct Answers portal of entry effect
, a state of decreased responsiveness to a toxic effect of a
chemical resulting from prior exposure to that chemical or to a
structurally-related chemical Correct Answers tolerance
a substance that is highly toxic Correct Answers LD50 of less
than 50mg/kg
a substance that is moderately toxic?
slightly? Correct Answers moderate: LD50 of less than
500mg/kg;
slightly: LD50 of greater than 500mg/kg up to 5g/kg
a substance that produces an adverse biological effect of any
nature (may be chemical or physical); effects can be of any type
(acute, chronic, or intermediate) Correct Answers toxicant
a sustained rise in ______ often signals imminent cell death
since this causes a number of deleterious cellular effects (like
activating proteases that degrade cellular proteins, activate
phospholipases that degrade membrane phospholipids,
endonucleases that degrade DNA, alterations in cytoskeleton)
Correct Answers intercellular calcium
a term that covers a broad range of endpoints- much broader
than mutagenicity, includes processes such as unscheduled DNA
synthesis, sister chromatid exchanges, and DNA strand breaks,
resulting in damage to DNA which further results in cellular
alteration Correct Answers genotoxicity
a toxic substance that is produced by a biological organism
(most exhibit immediate effects) Correct Answers toxin
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