A2 Unit F214 - Communication, Homeostasis and Energy
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Summary OCR A Level Biology A* Excretion Detailed Notes
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A2 Unit F214 - Communication, Homeostasis and Energy
Institution
OCR
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A2 Unit F214 - Communication, Homeostasis and Energy
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5 2 I importance ofExivetion removaloftoxicmetabolic wasteinexcessrequirement
rom thebody heyto homeostasis maintainingmetabolism accumulation is dangerous
metabolicwasteisproduced in large quantity as mammals are active warmblooded with
i pigments notexerted anumular
nalger's S's p
smbitiiycfi.at 9f mesbile
s 2.2 Mammalian Liverstructure
ternal liverrequiresconstant blood supply oxygenatedbloodfrom
cart via hepatic artery and deoxygenatedbloodfromdigestive
assem via hepaticportalvein livercan absorb metabolite nutrients
momsmall intestine deoxygenated bloodleavesvia hepaticvein
direct connection togallbladder wherebilesalts helpdigesttab
branches
of hepaticarteryand hepatic portalvein bloodcarried in widecapillaries sinusoids win incomplete
endothelial cell lining thatallows substances exchange between bloodand hepatocytes adaptationoflargesur
area incontactwithblood to maximise exchange eachlobuledrained via branchofhepaticvein
s 2.3 Mammalian Liver Function I storageof Glycogen 2 Formation urea 3 Detoxification
of Wisteria
Glycogen storage grylogenesis conversion glucose glycogento regulateblood awiore concentration
by hormone insulin atter increasedconc detected remove gworemom bloodstream returnsto normalrange
urea formation protein digested aminoacids absorbed intoblood liver excessdeaminated so restof
molecule can beused as energysource 1 Aminegroup NHIremoved winextra Harm
2 combine toform ammonia Nhs room ammoniumions in cytoplasm Naut remainingnero
acidmayenter Krebs wae to beconvertedto glucose glycogen orrat forstorage 3 ammonia
is highly soluble produces toxic substances converted to urea lesssoluble less toxic by
combining NH co in the orthinine urea cycle in urea distures through phospholipid bilayer ofh epatocyte
a
Eatin Ia sustain
b
a war it ira i'an
lactate
metabolism lactateis a productofanaerobic alcohol metabolism alcohol consumed stored
espiration but is energy rich and ran be respiredbycardiac stomach transported in blood absorbed byheparous
muscle excessis thenabsorbed metabolisedby hepatocytes ethanol is prettered no rat as energysource ene
lactateconvertedto pyruvate inliver 2 someis respired alcoholdehydrogenaseconversis emanolto emanal over
erobically providesenergy for a rest converted into molecules mat enterrespiration generateslots of ATP
usose 4 someglucosestored as glycogen reit stays hepatocytes don't merabolite asmuch fat storeit ca
n blood to maintain mood glucose concentration tattylivercondition ANDexcessrat prevents hepatocytetuna
c hormone metabolism proteinhormones insulin cirrhosis I seriousproblems
glucagon andpeptide hormones ADH hydrolysed into amino acids menurea
5 2 5 mammalian kidney structure 2 kidneyseach responsiblefor 2 functions 1 Exirerion2 Osmoregulan
renalartery carriesoxygenated blood cont urea salts to kidneys nomheart
renalvein carries deoxygenated blood no urea salts away fromkidneys tohear
uretercarries urine from kidney to bladder 4 Bloodvessels
sporesurinetemporarily urethrareleases in eachBowman's
cortex contains glomerulus
iii iii iii
Bowman capsule
a
suppliedwith
c
blood
it in i
2 Selective reabsorption in
iima i
proximalconvolutedtubule
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