Prosody and Suprasegmental Properties - ANSWER-The production of speech involves more than the articulation of consonants and vowels
Coarticulation - ANSWER-when phonemes are altered because of their neighbors
ex. lip position for /s/ when we produce spoon vs. spy
ex. the "a" in "bad" and "man...
Prosody and Suprasegmental Properties - ANSWER-The production of speech involves
more than the articulation of consonants and vowels
Coarticulation - ANSWER-when phonemes are altered because of their neighbors
ex. lip position for /s/ when we produce spoon vs. spy
ex. the "a" in "bad" and "man" has a different quality because of nasality from /m/ and
/n/
Suprasegmental - ANSWER-various vocal effects that extend over more than on sound
segment in an utterance
prosody - ANSWER-intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm in speech
Paralinguistics - ANSWER-is a broader term that includes body language, facial
expression, and gestures
stress - ANSWER-an emphasis, in a word consisting of more than one syllable, one
syllable will typically carry more emphasis than the rest
English marks the stressed syllable in a word or phrase by - ANSWER-- Syllable
lengthening- longer duration
- Syllable loudness- higher intensity
- Syllable pitch- higher F0
One syllable - ANSWER-I, on, sit, too, cats, wish
Two syllables - ANSWER-ba-by, com-bine, a-fraid
Three syllable - ANSWER-com-po-site, e-le-phant
Four syllables - ANSWER-ce-le-bra-tion, a-ccom-mo-date
intonation - ANSWER-pattern/melody of pitch changes in an utterance
Pitch/sentence declination - ANSWER-overall fall in ___ over an utterance
Intonation contours - ANSWER-english has a rising intonation pattern on yes/no
interrogative on most other phrases
tempo - ANSWER-speech or rate of speech, usually words /min or syllables/min
Deletions of syllables occur in faster conversational speech - ANSWER-- Camera:
"camra"
- Definitely: "defnitly"
, - Vowels will also get compressed in duration when talking faster.
- Consonants are less "compressible" than vowels but can still become shorter when
produced in combination.
- Compare /p/ is "pie" to "spy".
rhythm - ANSWER-distribution of events in time
stress-times languages - ANSWER-English and German, a language where the
stressed syllables are said at approximately regular intervals, and unstressed syllables
shorten to fit this rhythm
syllable-timed - ANSWER-Spanish and French (syllables have a similar length
regardless of whether they are stressed), A language where each syllable takes roughly
the same amount of time.
psychoacoustics - ANSWER-the study of human responses to sounds of all kinds
How do we identify speech sounds? - ANSWER-- Each phoneme in our language is
distinct.
- We perceive a speech sound as belonging to one category or another category (we
hear "to" or "do").
- There is nothing in-between the "t" and "d" sound
categorical perception - ANSWER-vary the acoustics along a continuum, gradual
acoustic change from start to end
Categorical perception of speech sounds - ANSWER-- Categories differ by language.
- English has two voicing categories for stop sounds.
- But they're not the same: voiced/voiceless dividing lines in different places
perceptual assimilation - ANSWER-we hear unfamiliar foreign sound, we typically put it
into one of our own categories
- Japanese speakers struggle to differentiate /r/ and /l/ in English, both are variants of a
single Japanese phoneme
perception is complicated - ANSWER-- Even though we are highly attuned to the
speech sounds in our own language, we know that the acoustic signal for a specific
phoneme not fixed.
- Sounds vary across speakers
word perception - ANSWER-process of matching the speech signal against stored
lexical representations, matching occurs rapidly, at the onset of speech, multiple words
are activated simultaneously, we do not have to consciously think about these options,
they are activated automatically
bottom up - ANSWER-to understand a word we need to put together all the building
blocks of the words, perception of acoustic speech features
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