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Mediapsychologie2023 - 2024 UGent
H 1 - GESCHIEDENIS...........................................................................................................................6
DE BEGINJAREN...................................................................................................................................6
VROEGE INVLOEDEN.....................................................................................................................................6
Nicolaus Copernicus...............................................................................................................................6
René Descartes.......................................................................................................................................6
Empirisme...............................................................................................................................................6
Thomas Hobbes......................................................................................................................................6
John Locke..............................................................................................................................................6
David Hume............................................................................................................................................6
Herman von Helmholtz: Fysiologische invloeden...................................................................................7
STRUCTURALISME........................................................................................................................................7
3 primaire vragen...................................................................................................................................7
FUNCTIONALISME........................................................................................................................................7
William James.........................................................................................................................................8
GESTALTPSYCHOLOGIE..................................................................................................................................8
PSYCHOANALYSE.........................................................................................................................................8
BEHAVIORISME...........................................................................................................................................8
Thorndike...............................................................................................................................................8
John Watson...........................................................................................................................................9
3 dingen als basis v wet studies:.............................................................................................................9
theorie v h beredeneerd gedrag.............................................................................................................9
Skinner:...................................................................................................................................................9
FILOSOFIE................................................................................................................................................10
Karl Popper...........................................................................................................................................10
MASSAMEDIA...........................................................................................................................................10
SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE................................................................................................................................10
PRE-WEB ERA (PC).............................................................................................................................11
WEB 1.0.........................................................................................................................................13
WEB 4.0.........................................................................................................................................14
ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN.....................................................................................................................15
BESCHRIJVEND ONDERZOEK.........................................................................................................................15
Kwalitatief (open vragen).....................................................................................................................15
Kwalitatieve interviews:.......................................................................................................................15
Focusgroepen:......................................................................................................................................15
kwantitatief (gesloten vragen)..............................................................................................................15
Observatie van (feitelijk gedrag)...........................................................................................................15
Archiefstudies (inhoudsanalyse)...........................................................................................................16
Opiniepeilingen....................................................................................................................................16
Correlatiecoëffiënt................................................................................................................................17
Voordelen.............................................................................................................................................17
Nadelen................................................................................................................................................17
EXPERIMENTEN.........................................................................................................................................17
Twee essentiële kenmerken.................................................................................................................17
Toevallige toewijzing versus steekproeftrekking..................................................................................18
,Interne validiteit versus externe validiteit............................................................................................18
H 2 - VOORDELEN EN RISICO’S VAN HET INTERNET..........................................................................20
VOORDELEN......................................................................................................................................20
RISICO’S...........................................................................................................................................21
AGRESSIEF GEDRAG....................................................................................................................................22
content.................................................................................................................................................22
contact..................................................................................................................................................22
SEKSUELE RISICO’S.....................................................................................................................................24
content.................................................................................................................................................24
contact..................................................................................................................................................24
WAARDEGERELATEERDE RISICO’S........................................................................................................24
COMMERCIËEL GEDRAG.......................................................................................................................24
content.................................................................................................................................................24
contact..................................................................................................................................................24
PROSOCIAAL GEDRAG..........................................................................................................................25
MOTIEVEN................................................................................................................................................25
→ evolutieleer:.....................................................................................................................................25
→ normen............................................................................................................................................25
→ sociale uitwisselingstheorie.............................................................................................................26
→ empathie-altruïsme hypothese........................................................................................................26
PERSOONLIJKE FACTOREN............................................................................................................................26
gender..................................................................................................................................................26
cultuur..................................................................................................................................................26
gemoedstoestand.................................................................................................................................26
positief stemmingseffect......................................................................................................................26
negatieve stemmingen.........................................................................................................................27
psychofysica.........................................................................................................................................27
SITUATIONELE FACTOREN............................................................................................................................27
omgeving..............................................................................................................................................27
bystandereffect....................................................................................................................................28
5 stappen naar hulp bieden..................................................................................................................28
1) gebeurtenis opmerken.....................................................................................................................28
2) gebeurtenis als noodgeval interpreteren.........................................................................................28
3) verantwoordelijkheid nemen...........................................................................................................29
4) weten hoe je moet helpen...............................................................................................................29
5) besluit implementeren.....................................................................................................................29
H 3 - KINDEREN, ADOLESCENTEN EN DE MEDIA...............................................................................31
AANTREKKELIJKHEID VAN SOCIALE NETWERK SITES (SNS)...........................................................................31
ASYNCHRONICITEIT....................................................................................................................................31
TOEGANKELIJKHEID....................................................................................................................................31
ANONIMITEIT...........................................................................................................................................31
LEEFTIJD...........................................................................................................................................33
STRATEGIEËN VOOR OUDERLIJKE BEMIDDELING..........................................................................................33
2
,H4: SMARTPHONE AFHANKELIJKHEID..............................................................................................35
FEITEN EN CIJFERS..............................................................................................................................35
Boek: Irresistable van Alter (2017).......................................................................................................35
MERE EXPOSURE................................................................................................................................35
KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING.................................................................................................................35
DE INZICHTEN VAN PAVLOV........................................................................................................................35
KENMERKEN.............................................................................................................................................36
Verwerving: CS -> CR............................................................................................................................37
Extinctie................................................................................................................................................37
Spontaan herstel..................................................................................................................................37
Stimulusgeneralisatie...........................................................................................................................37
Stimulusdiscriminatie...........................................................................................................................37
Contiguïteit: smaakaversie en biologische predispositie......................................................................37
Klassieke conditionering bij mensen:...................................................................................................39
HABITUATIE......................................................................................................................................39
OPERANTE CONDITIONERING................................................................................................................39
THORNDIKE EN SKINNER.............................................................................................................................39
BEKRACHTIGING: VOORAFGAANDE GEDRAG STIJGT...........................................................................................40
Positief-negatief...................................................................................................................................40
Primair-secundair.................................................................................................................................40
Continue vs intermitterende schema’s.................................................................................................40
Contiguïteit...........................................................................................................................................42
STRAFFEN: VOORAFGAANDE GEDRAG DAALT...................................................................................................43
EFFECTIVITEIT VAN STRAF............................................................................................................................43
Beïnvloedende factoren:......................................................................................................................44
SOCIAAL LEREN..................................................................................................................................44
H5: HOE KIJKEN WE NAAR ONSZELF?...............................................................................................45
ZELFCONCEPT....................................................................................................................................45
OORSPRONG VAN HET ZELF:........................................................................................................................45
Introspectie..........................................................................................................................................47
Perceptie van eigen gedrag..................................................................................................................47
Perceptie van eigen emoties................................................................................................................47
Perceptie van eigen motivaties.............................................................................................................47
Invloed van anderen.............................................................................................................................48
Sociale vergelijking (gedachten)...........................................................................................................48
De twee-factoren emotietheorie (emoties)..........................................................................................48
Gender en cultuur................................................................................................................................48
ZELFWAARDERING..............................................................................................................................50
behoefte aan zelfwaardering................................................................................................................50
Zelfdiscrepantie....................................................................................................................................50
Zelfbewustzijnstheorie.........................................................................................................................51
Situationele factoren (zelfrichtende situaties)......................................................................................51
Persoonlijke factoren (zelfrichtende personen)...................................................................................51
Beperkingen van zelfregulatie (=zelfbeheersing=zelfcontrole).............................................................51
Mechanismen van zelfverheerlijking....................................................................................................52
3
, Zijn positieve illusies passend?.............................................................................................................53
ZELFPRESENTATIE...............................................................................................................................53
Strategische zelfpresentatie.................................................................................................................53
H6: HOE KIJKEN WE NAAR DE ANDER..............................................................................................54
OBSERVATIE (DE ELEMENTEN VAN SOCIALE PERCEPTIE)................................................................................54
UITERLIJK.................................................................................................................................................54
SITUATIES................................................................................................................................................55
GEDRAGINGEN..........................................................................................................................................55
ATTRIBUTIE (VAN ELEMENTEN TOT DISPOSITIES)........................................................................................57
SOORTEN ATTRIBUTIES...............................................................................................................................57
ATTRIBUTIETHEORIEËN...............................................................................................................................57
Jones’ corresponderende inferentietheorie.........................................................................................57
Kelley’s covariatiemodel.......................................................................................................................57
Relatie informatie-attributie:................................................................................................................58
ATTRIBUTIEVERTEKENINGEN........................................................................................................................60
De fundamentele attributiefout...........................................................................................................60
De fundamentele attributiefout als perceptueel fenomeen: het actor-waarnemer effect..................60
Cognitieve Heuristieken........................................................................................................................61
‘wet vd minste weerstand’...................................................................................................................61
Motivationele vertekeningen (biases)..................................................................................................61
INTEGRATIE: EEN SAMENHANGEND BEELD KRIJGEN (VAN DISPOSITIES TOT IMPRESSIES).......................................62
INFORMATIE-INTEGRATIE THEORIE (ANDERSON, 1981)....................................................................................62
BASISBEVINDINGEN....................................................................................................................................62
Redenen:..............................................................................................................................................62
AFWIJKINGEN VAN DE REKENKUNDE..............................................................................................................62
Disposities van de waarnemer..............................................................................................................63
Eigenschappen van doelpersoon..........................................................................................................63
CONFIRMATIEVERTEKENINGEN (VAN IMPRESSIES NAAR REALITEIT).................................................................63
PERSISTENTIE VAN OPVATTINGEN.................................................................................................................63
CONFIRMATORISCHE HYPOTHESETOETSING.....................................................................................................64
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY.........................................................................................................................64
Racial profiling......................................................................................................................................64
ZIJN WE DAN ZO SLECHT IN PERSOONSPERCEPTIES?....................................................................................64
FACTOREN BEÏNVLOEDEN DE NAUWKEURIGHEID VAN WAARNEMINGEN (POS):.......................................................64
H7: ATTITUDE VERANDERINGEN......................................................................................................65
ATTITUDES.......................................................................................................................................65
DEFINITIE.................................................................................................................................................65
ONTWIKKELING VAN ATTITUDES...................................................................................................................66
METING VAN ATTITUDES.............................................................................................................................66
HET VERBAND TUSSEN ATTITUDE EN GEDRAG..................................................................................................66
OVERREDING DOOR COMMUNICATIE......................................................................................................68
TWEE WEGEN VAN OVERREDING..................................................................................................................68
Centrale weg: kwaliteit vd argumentatie..............................................................................................68
Perifere weg: oppervlakkige cues.........................................................................................................68
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