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AAB MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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AAB MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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AAB MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS EXAMQUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Nucleic acid - answer-grows by attachment of 5' phosphate group of the incoming
nucleotide to the 3'hydroxyl group of the last nucleotide
Double stranded dna - answer-most energetically favorable state for dna
Purines - answer-double-ring structure adenine (a) + guanine (g)
Pyrimidine - answer-single-ring structure uracil (u)+ cytosine
Messenger rna (mrna) - answer--template for all protein synthesis
-encode all information necessary to produce proteins
Heterogeneous nuclear rna - answer-primary product of transcription with introns &
exons
Ribosomal rna (rrna) - answer--non-coding rna
-component of the ribosomes, the protein synthetic factories in the cell
-eukaryotes ribosomes contain 2 subunits (60ss & 40s)
Small nuclear rna (snrna) - answer-functions in eukaryotic splicing
Microrna (mirna) - answer-single-stranded rna involved in transcriptional regulation
Catalytic rna - answer-4 base rna strands capable of catalyzing chemical reactions
Small interfering rna (sirna) - answer-functional intermediates of rna interference
Small activating rna (sarna) - answer-double-stranded rna that induces gene expression
at transcriptional level, a phenomenon named small rna induced gene activation (rnaa)
Dna ligase - answer-joins dna fragments formed by discontinuous synthesis in dna
replication or by dna repair pathways
Nucleases - answer--"digest" nucleic acid molecules by breaking phosphodiester bonds
-may be single or double stranded, dna, rna, or rna specificity
-have nuclease activity
Endonucleases - answer-digest nucleic acids from/in the middle of the molecule
Exonucleases - answer-digest nucleic acids beginning at a free-end and may require a
3' or 5' end
,Restriction endonucleases - answer-bacterial endonucleases that recognize specific
short dna base pair sequences and cleave the dna molecule only at the recognition site
Dna methyltransferases - answer-adds methyl group to cytosine or adenine dna
nucleotides
The location of dna methyltransferases - answer-occurs mainly at the c5 section of cpg
dinucleotides (mammals)
Helicases - answer--use the chemical energy in nucleoside triphosphates
-predominantly atp, to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the dna
double helix into single strands
Topoisomerases - answer-enzymes with both nucleases and ligase activity that change
the amount of supercoiling in dna
Gyrase - answer-relaxes positive supercoils and allows superhelical tension ahead of
the polymerase to be released during dna replication
Polymerases (rna + dna) - answer--polymerases join dna or rna nucleotide together to
form a single-stranded daughter using a stretch of single-stranded parent molecule as a
template
-typically perform synthesis according to base pair rules and proceed in the 5' to 3'
direction
Reverse transcriptase - answer-mostly of viral origin; catalyzes the synthesis of dna
from either a dna or rna template
What degrades dna? - answer-exonucleases
Exonuclease i - answer-degrades single stranded dna from 3' hydroxyl end
Exonuclease iii - answer-degrades 5' mononucleotides from 3' end of double stranded
dna
Exonuclease vii - answer-digests single stranded dna from either end
Mung bean nuclease - answer-digests single stranded dna or rna
S1 nuclease - answer-breaks single stranded dna or rna into 5' mononucleotide
Recbc nuclease - answer-atp-dependent single & double stranded dna nuclease;
degrades from either end
, Micrococcal nuclease - answer-digest single & double stranded dna or rna @ at-au rich
regions
Dnase i - answer-digests single & double strands dna at pyrimidines
2 types of eukaryotic methylation (dna methyltransferases) & describe - answer-1.
Maintenance: work throughout life of cell
2. De novo: work during embryonic development
Central dogma - answer-replication --> transcription .--> translation
Autosomes - answer-22 pairs/cell
Non-sex linked genetic heredity info
Sex chromosomes - answer-1 pair/cell
Genetic traits linked to a person's gender
Nucleosome - answer-dna double helix is wrapped around the histone octamer
containing 2 copies of each histone h2a, h2b, h3 & h4
Linker histone h1 - answer-binds the dna between nucleosomes forming chromatin
Euchromatin - answer-less compact structure allowing easy access of transcription
factors to activate genes
Heterochromatins - answer-more compact structure to protein access
Duplicated chromosomes - answer-two identical chromatids joined by a centromere
Gc box - answer-distinct pattern of nucleotides found in the promoter region upstream of
the tata box and approximately 110 bases upstream from the transcription initiation site
Caat box - answer-nucleotide consensus sequence that occurs 75-80 bases upstream
to the initial transcription site
Tata box - answer--cis-regulatory element found in the promoter region of genes; part of
core promoter region
-2 different elements: cis-regulatory & trans-acting
Cis-regulatory elements (cres) - answer-regions of non-coding dna which regulate the
transcription of nearby genes
Trans-acting element - answer-dna sequence that contains a gene coding for a protein (
a microrna or other diffusible molecule) that will be used in the regulation of another
target gene
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