Apneustic - ANSWER-prolonged gasping inspiration followed by extremely short, insufficient expiration
-respiratory center problems, trauma, tumor
cachectic - ANSWER-muscle atrophy/loss of muscle tone
retractions - ANSWER--chest moves inward during inspiratory efforts instead of outward
-blocked airway in adults = INTUBATE
,-RDS in infants
Character of cough - ANSWER--dry, non-productive cough may indicate tumor in the lungs or asthma
-productive cough may indicate infection
evidence of difficult airway - ANSWER--short receding mandible (chin)
-enlarged tongue (macroglossia)
-bull neck
-limited neck range-of-motion
pulsus paradoxus - ANSWER--pulse/blood pressure varies with respiration. may indicate severe air
trapping (status asthmaticus or cardiac tamponade)
tactile fremitus - ANSWER--vibrations felt by hand on chest wall
-vocal fremitus: voice vibrations on the chest wall
-pleural rub fremitus: grating sensation due to roughened pleural spaces
-Rhonchial fremitus(palpable rhonchi): secretions in airways
Crepitus - ANSWER--bubbles of air under skin that can be palpated and indicates subcutaneous
emphysema
Resonant percussion - ANSWER--hollow sound
, -normal lungs
Flat percussion - ANSWER--heard over sternum, muscles, or areas of atelectasis
Dull percussion - ANSWER--heard over fluid-filled organs such as heart or liver (thudding)
-pleural effusion or pneumonia
Tympanic percussion - ANSWER--heard over air-filled stomach.
-drum-like sound and when heard over lung = increased volume
Hyperresonant - ANSWER--found where pneumothorax or emphysema is present.
-booming sound
vesicular breath sounds - ANSWER-normal sounds in lungs
bronchial breath sounds - ANSWER--normal sounds over airways.
-breath sounds over lungs indicate LUNG CONSOLIDATION
Egophony - ANSWER--patient instructed to say E and sounds like A.
-lung consolidation
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