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Lesson 11 and 12
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This documents are pertaining the evaluation, concluding and reporting of and audit and The Companies Act
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Lesson 11.1 Evaluation of misstatements identified duringthe audit (ISA 450)
Objective
The objective of the auditor is to evaluate:
(a) The effect of identified misstatements on the audit; and
(b) The effect of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on the financial statements.
Definitions
For purposes of the ISAs, the following terms have the meanings attributed
below:
(a) Misstatement –A difference between the reported amount, classification,
presentation, or disclosure of a financial statement item and the amount,
classification, presentation, or disclosure that is required for the item to be in
accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. Misstatements can
arise from error or fraud. (Ref: Para. A1)
When the auditor expresses an opinion on whether the financial statements are
presented fairly, in all material respects, or give a true and fair view, misstatements
also include those adjustments of amounts, classifications, presentation, or
disclosures that, in the auditor’s judgment, are necessary for the financial statements
to be presented fairly, in all material respects, or to give a true and fair view.
(b) Uncorrected misstatements – Misstatements that the auditor has accumulated
during the audit and that have not been corrected
Misstatements may result from:
(a) An inaccuracy in gathering or processing data from which the financial
statements are prepared;
(b) An omission of an amount or disclosure, including inadequate or incomplete
disclosures, and those disclosures required to meet disclosure objectives of
certain financial reporting frameworks as applicable;
(c) An incorrect accounting estimate arising from overlooking, or clear
misinterpretation of, facts;
(d) Judgments of management concerning accounting estimates that the auditor
considers unreasonable or the selection and application of accounting policies
that the auditor considers inappropriate.
(e) An inappropriate classification, aggregation or disaggregation, of information;
and
(f) For financial statements prepared in accordance with a fair presentation
framework, the omission of a disclosure necessary for the financial statements
to achieve fair presentation beyond disclosures specifically required by the
framework.
, Fraudulent financial reporting may be accomplished by the following:
• Manipulation, falsification (including forgery), or alteration of accounting records or
supporting documentation from which the financial statements are prepared.
• Misrepresentation in, or intentional omission from, the financial statements of
events, transactions or other significant information.
• Intentional misapplication of accounting principles relating to amounts,
classification, manner of presentation, or disclosure.
Fraudulent financial reporting often involves management override of controls that
otherwise may appear to be operating effectively. Fraud can be committed by
management overriding controls using such techniques as:
• Recording fictitious journal entries, particularly close to the end of an accounting
period, to manipulate operating results or achieve other objectives.
• Inappropriately adjusting assumptions and changing judgments used to estimate
account balances.
• Omitting, advancing or delaying recognition in the financial statements of events
and transactions that have occurred during the reporting period.
• Concealing, or not disclosing, facts that could affect the amounts recorded in the
financial statements.
• Engaging in complex transactions that are structured to misrepresent the financial
position or financial performance of the entity.
• Altering records and terms related to significant and unusual transactions.
Misappropriation of assets involves the theft of an entity’s assets and is often
perpetrated by employees in relatively small and immaterial amounts. However, it can
also involve management who are usually more able to disguise or conceal
misappropriations in ways that are difficult to detect. Misappropriation of assets can
be accomplished in a variety of ways including:
• Embezzling receipts (for example, misappropriating collections on accounts
receivable or diverting receipts in respect of written-off accounts to personal bank
accounts).
• Stealing physical assets or intellectual property (for example, stealing inventory for
personal use or for sale, stealing scrap for resale, colluding with a competitor by
disclosing technological data in return for payment).
• Causing an entity to pay for goods and services not received (for example,
payments to fictitious vendors, kickbacks paid by vendors to the entity’s purchasing
agents in return for inflating prices, payments to fictitious employees).
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