Exam (elaborations)
ALU 201, Chapter 3 questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
- Course
- Institution
ALU 201, Chapter 3 questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
ALU 201, Chapter 3Risk factors for malignant melanoma - ANSrace and gender: caucasion, men
sun exposure: sunburns in childhood and adult
compared to dark hair - blondes 1.8, red hair 2.4
tanning beds 1.25 risk
benign nevi-greater number & size increase risk
dysplastic nevi - found in 25-40% of people with melanoma. increased further if family
members have lesions
histologic subtypes of mm - ANSsuperficial spreading melanoma
nodular melanoma
lentigo maligna
acral lentiginous melanoma
dysplastic nevi - ANSvariable pigmentation
irregular outline
indistinct borders
ABCD - ANSSuspicious lesions identified by:
A = asymmetry of the lesion
B = Border irregularity
C = color variation
D = diameter greater than or equal to 6mm
superficial spreading melanoma - ANSmost common subtype (60-70%) and can occur in sun
and non sun exposed areas.
nodular melanoma - ANS2nd most common subtype (15-30%). dark blue-black or bluish red
uniformly colored lesion. more rapid onset and spreading than superficial spreading
melanoma.
lentigo maligna - ANS5% of cases and generally found in older individuals. frequently arises
from pre-existing benign pigmented lesion know as a Hutchinson freckle. generally thin and
indolent, slow.
acral lentiginous melanoma - ANSleast common subtype. frequently on palm, sole, under
nail. more common in black and dark skin. difficult to diagnose, poorer prognosis.
Breslow level - ANSdepth of invasion
ulceration - ANSmalignant cells extend through the skin surface layer, metastatic potential
mitoses or dividing cells - ANSone or more detectable mitoses have significantly reduced
survival
, MM prognostic factors - ANS1. age of onset - younger/higher mortality
2. lesion location - trunk, head, neck higher mortality
3. presence of lymph node mets - most important prognostic factors in order of importance:
a. number of positive lymph nodes
b. extent of involvement within lymph node
c. presence of ulceration in the primary lesion
4. Clark level -indicator of level of skin
a. I epidermis only
b. II upper portion of papillary dermis
c. III fills papillary dermis
d. IV reticular dermis
e. V subcutaneous fat
Clark Level - ANSrecent data confirmed that Clark level of invasion is of no significant
prognostic importance when the presence of ulceration and mitosis count are taken into
account.
Staging of melanoma - ANSTNM system
Stage 0 TisN0M0
Stage IA T1aN0M0
Stage IB T1bN0M0 / T2aN0M0
Stage IIA T2bN0M0 / T3aN0M0
Stage IIB T3bN0M0 / T4aN0M0
Stage IIC T4bN0M0
TNM system - ANSevaluates tumors based on:
T - local extent or depth of lesion
N - presence of lymph node mets
M - existence of metastasis
Treatment of MM - ANScomplete surgical resection. generally resistant to radiation therapy
and response rates to chemo are poor
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) velocity greater than .75 ng/ml/per year - ANSis highly
suggestive of malignancy
risk factors of prostate ca - ANSage
family history
digital rectal exam - ANSfinger palpation through the anal canal and rectum to examine the
prostate gland
prostate ca - ANSmost commonly dx malignancy in males in the u.s. and second leading
cause of death behind lung ca
PSA testing - ANSintroduced 1987 and revolutionized dx of prostate CA
prostate CA produces more psa per volume that benign tissue.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Qualityexam. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
78121 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now