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ALU 201, Chapter 15 questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
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ALU 201, Chapter 15 questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
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ALU 201, Chapter 15Lithium is primarily prescribed for - ANSbipolar disorder
insomnia - ANSHypnotics: also known a sedatives or soporifics-drugs that induce sleep.
schizophrenia - ANSAntipsychotics: are primarily used to manage psychosis
seizures - ANSAntiepileptics: also know as anticonvulsants or anti seizure drugs
used to treat inflammation - ANSNSAIDS, glucocorticoids, antihistamines
used to treat hypertension - ANSbeta blockers, angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitors
pharmacokinetics - ANSthe study of the action of drugs in the body: method and rate of
excretion
pharmacodynamics - ANSwhat the drug does to the body
gluocorticoids can be used to treat: - ANSGlucocorticoids could be used in the treatment of
decompensated heart failure to potentiate renal responsiveness to diuretics, especially in
heart failure patients with refractory diuretic resistance with large dose of loop diuretics.[
Pharmacology - ANSthe study of drugs
Medications can indicate - ANSseverity of the impairment or the stage to which the
health issue has progressed.
U.S. Drug Schedules and Examples - ANSSchedule I - highest potential for abuse heroin,
LSD
Schedule II - high potential for abuse morphine, methadone
Schedule III - moderate potential for abuse codeine, Tylenol-3®
Schedule IV - lower potential for abuse Valium®, Xanax®
Schedule V - lowest potential for abuse OTC cough medicine with codeine
Drugs have three categories of names. - ANSN-Acetyl-para-aminophenol is the chemical
name for
the generic acetaminophen, which is more easily recognized as Tylenol®, the trade name
Pharmacokinetics - ANSthe study of how a drug moves through the body and, thus, how it
gets to
target tissues. These functions include absorption and distribution of the drug, including how
the
drug is metabolized and then excreted by the body.
oral, buccal (in cheek), iv, etc.
, Pharmacodynamics - ANSdescribes how the drug changes the body. The nature and
intensity of the
response in the body determine the dynamic action or impact of the drug on the body
side effect - ANSa
nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses
toxicity - ANSExcessive dosing that causes adverse effects. Examples:
1. Allergic reactions are an immune response (e.g., penicillin-induced hives).
2. Idiosyncratic effects are uncommon responses to a drug secondary to a genetic
predisposition—(e.g., succinylcholine [Anectine®] is used to produce temporary flaccid
paralysis of skeletal muscle; a person can become paralyzed for hours if genetically
predisposed to this effect).
3. Iatrogenic refers to medication error (e.g., for example, due to incorrect administration or
dosage).
4. Physical dependence occurs when the body adapts to repeated use of a substance and
thus
becomes addicted to a drug, such as morphine.
5. Carcinogenic effect means cancer-causing (e.g., chemicals added to tobacco in
cigarettes).
6. Teratogenic effects are drug-induced birth defects (e.g., fetal alcohol syndrome).
Some drugs interact with others, resulting in one of three effects: - ANS1. The drug is
intensified. For example, drinking alcohol while taking a sedative will result
in an additive interaction where the nervous system is further depressed. This interaction
can be quite dangerous.
2. The drug has reduced effects. For example, calcium reduces the absorption of
tetracycline (an antibiotic), decreasing its effect. This is why it is important for some
drugs to be taken with food while some drugs are to be taken on an empty stomach.
3. The two drugs combined produce a new effect not seen in either of the original drugs.
For example, the interaction between monoamineoxidase (MAO) inhibitors (types of
antidepressants) and foods rich in tyramine (such as aged cheese, yeast extracts and
Chianti wine) can raise blood pressure to a life-threatening level.
Angiotensin II - ANSchemical that causes the muscles surrounding blood vessels to
contract,
which increases blood pressure. Blocking the function of angiotensin is not only helpful in
regulating blood pressure, but can also help to regulate blood volume. For this reason, these
drugs are most commonly used to treat hypertension. However, it is not uncommon to see
these
drug classes used in heart failure or coronary artery disease
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or ACE inhibitors - ANSinhibit the RAS from
producing angiotensin II. Unfortunately, ACE inhibitors
sometimes produce a chronic cough as a side effect and must be discontinued. Examples
include
lisinopril (Prinivil®) and enalapril (Vasotec®).
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