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Stat 503 | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100% Verified


why do we need statistics? - - biologists study the properties of living things

- measuring these properties is a challenge



variation - an inherent component of all living systems



system - anything composed of multiple interacting parts



constraints of stats - time and funding



uncertainty - variation + incomplete information

- sampling can bring it to the project

- probability or likelihood



Statistics - - the study of methods to describe and measure aspects of nature from samples

- a branch of science chiefly concerned with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of
empirical data

- provides tools to turn raw data into knowledge and understanding

- helps us recognize and describe the patterns in our data and helps us decide how certain we are that
our data reflect reality

- it is about estimation



estimation - the process of inferring an unknown quantity of a population using sample data

- a.k.a. statistic

- a related quantity calculated from a sample

- approximation of the truth



parameter - a quantity describing a population

, - the truth

- The numeric quantities that we use to describe a distribution



model - a simplified representation of some part of the real world



sampling theory - focuses on the generalizability of descriptive findings to the population from which
the sample was drawn

- a good way to organize data collection

- ensures that our data are unbiased, so they give us a reliable picture of the real world, and it also helps
us to do this in a way that's efficient



inferential statistics - numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the
probability of something being true of a population



statistical model - - estimate values

- test hypothesis

- predict new observations

- If we combine the parameters for location and spread of a distribution with an equation that describes
its shape



Biological, or scientific models - - explain how we think a system works

- They identify the important components in a system and describe how those parts interact with each
other

- they describe causal relationships among the different parts of the system

- Because these models propose specific cause-and-effect relationships, they can make specific, testable
predictions about the patterns that we should see in our data if they're correct.



statistical models - - describe and summarize the patterns that exist in our data, and explain how
sampling error or other sources of random variation would affect those patterns.

- As a result, they allow us to draw reliable or valid conclusions about patterns that exist in the real
world despite the fact that we are only looking at a small number of individuals.

- Describe and summarize the patterns in data.

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