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Stats 503 Exam 1 | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100% Verified


variation - an inherent component

of all living systems



system - Anything composed of multiple interacting parts



sampling error - the variation in results from multiple replications of the same study, due to random
chance



census - collect data on every individual that exists



model - simplified representation of some part of the real world



inference - a generalization that you can make about a large group based on logic and evidence (data)
collected on a few members of the group



statistical inference - a set of formal mathematical procedures used to make valid generalizations



study population - the collection of all individual units that we want to draw conclusions about



sample - a smaller group selected from the population, that we actually observe and collect data on



sample units - the members of the population



statistical sample - a group of specimens collected from the same study population



variable - the characteristics of individuals in the sample that we observe or measure

, distribution - a mathematical function that describes the relative commonness or rarity of different
values for a variable in a group



statistically related - knowing the value of one variable tells us something about the distribution of the
other variable



parameters - quantities that summarize the distribution of a variable in a population



statistic - a quantity that is calculated from data



parameter estimate - describe our best guess for the value of a parameter based on the available data



point estimate - the single value that represents our best guess



standard error - quantifies our uncertainty about the point estimate



confidence interval - a pair of values that have a specified chance of containing the true value



formal hypothesis test - evaluates the probability that our data would occur if a set of assumptions
about the population are true



biological model - describes physical and casual relationships that exist between different parts of a
living system, explains how we think the system works, makes specific testable predictions



statistical model - an equation or set of equations that:

- describes the distribution of a variable in a population

- describes functional relationships among variables

- allows valid inferences despite sampling error

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