system - Anything composed of multiple interacting parts
sampling error - the variation in results from multiple replications of the same study, due to random
chance
census - collect data on every individual that exists
model - simplified representation of some part of the real world
inference - a generalization that you can make about a large group based on logic and evidence (data)
collected on a few members of the group
statistical inference - a set of formal mathematical procedures used to make valid generalizations
study population - the collection of all individual units that we want to draw conclusions about
sample - a smaller group selected from the population, that we actually observe and collect data on
sample units - the members of the population
statistical sample - a group of specimens collected from the same study population
variable - the characteristics of individuals in the sample that we observe or measure
, distribution - a mathematical function that describes the relative commonness or rarity of different
values for a variable in a group
statistically related - knowing the value of one variable tells us something about the distribution of the
other variable
parameters - quantities that summarize the distribution of a variable in a population
statistic - a quantity that is calculated from data
parameter estimate - describe our best guess for the value of a parameter based on the available data
point estimate - the single value that represents our best guess
standard error - quantifies our uncertainty about the point estimate
confidence interval - a pair of values that have a specified chance of containing the true value
formal hypothesis test - evaluates the probability that our data would occur if a set of assumptions
about the population are true
biological model - describes physical and casual relationships that exist between different parts of a
living system, explains how we think the system works, makes specific testable predictions
statistical model - an equation or set of equations that:
- describes the distribution of a variable in a population
- describes functional relationships among variables
- allows valid inferences despite sampling error
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