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PSY 658 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSY 658 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
Conscience - ANSWER an internalized state of standards and principles that
constitutes a person's primary guide to action. May cause feelings of discomfort or
distress when the violation of a rule is contemplated or carried out. Superego. Sense
of right or wrong.
Heteronomous Morality - ANSWER (5 to 8/9 years) - Moral Realist; rules are
determined by authorities and are unalterable. Moral absolutes that must be obeyed.
Violations are always punished. Dichotomous approach to morality; black or white.
The stage of moral development described by Piaget characterized of children from
5-8 when they regard rules as immutable, existing outside the self and requiring
strict adherence.
Autonomous Morality - ANSWER (8/9 to 11/12 years) - Social rules are arbitrary,
and promote cooperation, equality, and reciprocity; therefore, social rules serve
justice. Social rules can be changed by agreement or violated for a higher purpose.
The moral development stage begins in middle childhood. Children now
understand the rules are based on social agreements and can be changed.
Altruism - ANSWER when a child voluntarily acts in ways that seem to be
intended to benefit someone else. Tends to increase with age. Tends to lean toward
individual differences in that a child that is altruistic as a preschooler is more likely
to be altruistic as an adult. You want to see it grow over time; in younger children
you see less by eight or nine you want to see it more.
Relational Aggression - ANSWER a type of aggression in which relationships are
manipulated and or damaged in order to hurt an individual. Purposeful
manipulation and damage of peer relationships. Passive and can be direct
Gonads - ANSWER testes in males and ovaries in females. Produce eggs in
females (ova) and sperm in males. Increase their hormone production at puberty
after being stimulated by hormones released from the pituitary gland in response to
the maturing hypothalamus. Where hormones come from, set off puberty process.
, Primary Sexual Characteristics - ANSWER aspects of the body directly involved
with reproduction. Genitalia Growth of scrotum in males Menarche (first
menstruation) Spermarche (first ejaculation) Fertility may not occur after a year of
these markers. Physical traits directly involved in reproduction.
Secondary - ANSWER suggestive characteristics, more of what we see.
Rumination - ANSWER increases risk of depression or can worsen it.
Characterized by directing attention inward toward negative feelings and thoughts.
Leads to isolation and/or repetitive talking about the subject with others. Repeated
focusing of attention on negative mood and cognitions. Rumination is sometimes
viewed as an ineffective emotion regulation strategy that is related to avoidance of
emotional experience. Normal coping style for teens. Can be a problem if it is not
transient.
Adrenarche - ANSWER when adrenal glands increase activity just before puberty.
The point just before puberty when the adrenal gland increases its activity and
children begin to show sexual attraction.
Diffusion - ANSWER young adolescent embarks on the identity development
process. They lack both exploration and commitment. Not actively involved in
exploring possible life choices. Do not have any commitments. Can be highly
problematic later in life. One of Marcia's four identity status categories often
describes young adolescents as they embark on the identity development process.
The individual is not actively involved in exploring possible life choices nor has
she made any firm commitments to them. Stage of identity development.
Constructed Identity - ANSWER attempting for an identity that has been personally
constructed. The identity not based on a predetermined set of expectations but
rather representative either of a personal redefinition of childhood and early
adolescence goals and values or perhaps something very different from them. The
outcome of nice identity process.
Storm and Stress of adolescence - ANSWER Conflict with parents; Negative
affect; Risky behaviour; Violating norms; Recklessness; Considerable variability -
some teens show few signs of it But, teens experience more "storm and stress" in
general than other stages of development. Ways to describe the period of
adolescent. It happens in degrees or does not happen at all. Helps us to not
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