Exam (elaborations)
NCE THEORIES OF COUNSELING & HELPING RELATIONSHIPS
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NCE THEORIES OF COUNSELING & HELPINGRELATIONSHIPS
Sigmund Freud - the Father of Psychoanalysis
(initially collaborated with Adler, Jung, and a Viennese neurologist [re: talking
cure])
Alfred Adler – The Father of Individual Psychology.
Gustav Jung - ANSWER developed analytical psychology.
Joseph Breuer, a neurologist, taught Freud 'talking cure' or 'catharsis'.
Rollo May is an existentialist and a leading figure in the counselling movement.
Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA) proposes three ego states: ANSWER the child
(like id).
Adult (like ego)
The Parent (like the Superego)
Freud's Three Psychosexual Stages - Oral
Anal
Phallic
Freud's topological theory that the mind is like an iceberg has two states: ANSWER
aware.
,unconscious
Incomplete parent (according to TA): ANSWER person wants others to parent him
or uses a lack of parenting as an excuse for bad behaviour.
The resolution of Freud's Oedipus complex leads to the creation of the superego,
which is completed by associating with the same-sex parent (also known as the
aggressor).
Transference – ANSWER transferring feelings towards the therapist that the client
previously felt about an important other in their lives.
ego - ANSWER executive administrator of personality.
(Seen as the Child in TA)
-Acts as a police officer to manage impulses of the id (called instincts, or the Child)
and the superego (conscience, or the Parent).
-also known as reality principle' and houses the individual's identity
Thanatos - Greek for 'death'
(For example, 'Thanatologists study death')
Eros – Greek god of 'love of life'
Freudians use it to mean self-preservation'.
Pleasure principle - answer the id.
Reality principle: ANSWER the ego.
,Ego ideal - answer the superego.
(the ideal self that the individual compares himself to)
Free association is an analytic approach that instructs the client to say whatever
comes to mind.
Paraphrasing - ANSWER when a counselor restates a client's message in their own
terms.
The superego, unlike the id, seeks for perfection and pleasure.
The superego - ANSWER consists of the values, morality, and ideals of parents,
caregivers, and society
id - ANSWER chaotic and lacks sense of time.
(pleasure principle: 'I want it NOW')
Jospeh Wolpe - ANSWER developed'systematic desensitization' to weaken a
client's reaction to anxiety-producing stimuli.
methodical desensitization is a methodical paradigm that reduces one's anxiety
about a stimulus through gradual exposure to it.
(A type of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning).
Manifest content of dreams: ANSWER surface meaning of a dream.
Latent content of dreams: ANSWER hidden significance of a dream.
, Dream work - ANSWER is the process of understanding the hidden meaning
(latent) of a dream (by symbolism), allowing the individual to become aware of
unconscious reasons, urges, desires, and conflicts.
Some counsellors believe transference is a sort of projection, displacement, and
repetition in which the client treats the counselor in the same way he would a
_______ _____ from the past. - ANSWER the authority figure.
Insight - A unique, unexpected insight of an issue.
Psychoanalysts feel that a resistive client will be unwilling to bring unconscious
notions into the conscious mind. - ANSWER Nonanalytic counselors use the
term'resistant' to characterize clients who are resisting the therapeutic process in
any way.
Little Albert - ANSWER a famous case, John Watson (pioneer of American
behaviorism) in 1920 - toddler was persuaded to fear white furry creatures
Little Hans - ANSWER explained Little Albert's study from a psychoanalytic
perspective.
Daniel Paul Schreber is an ex-mental patient who spent 9 years in the hospital.
-authored Memoirs of a Mental Patient (1903).
-'The most referenced example in modern psychiatry'
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