What is the systematic study of human behavior? correct answers organizational behavior
What is the difference between correlation and causation? Give examples. correct answers A correlation is a statistical indicator of the relationship between variables. Causation means that changes in one var...
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What is the systematic study of human behavior? correct answers organizational behavior
What is the difference between correlation and causation? Give examples. correct answers A
correlation is a statistical indicator of the relationship between variables. Causation means that
changes in one variable brings about changes in the other; there is a cause-and-effect relationship
between variables.
What is a spurious relationship, and relatedly, omitted variable bias? correct answers In statistics,
a spurious relationship or spurious correlation is a mathematical relationship in which two or
more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the
presence of a certain third, unseen factor.
Understand basic I-P-O models, as well as how to extend those models using moderating
variables (also known as contextual variables or boundary conditions). correct answers Inputs -
Processes - Outcomes
Contingency variables are situational (contextual) variables that moderate the relationship
between the independent and dependent variables. They reflect the boundary conditions of a
generalized principle.
correlational studies (e.g., via surveys or archival data) correct answers - Measure variables and
examine associations
- Not tweaking or manipulating any of the variables
Benefits
- Strong External Validity (if conducted in the field)
- Surveying real workers in the context in which phenomenon occurs
Risks
- Poor Internal Validity
- Hard to completely rule out if X causes Y
- Correlation isn't the same as causation
- Even when controlling for alternative explanations there is always risk of omitted variable bias
randomized experiments correct answers Benefits
Randomized Experiments
- Strong Internal Validity
- Experiments are the "gold standard"
- Can make stronger claims about whether X causes Y
Risks
- Poor Experimental Design
- Manipulation of "X" (independent variable) may not be realistic
- Potential Poor External Validity (if study restricted to lab settings)
- Hard to completely rule out if X causes Y
, - Lab-based experiments may not accurately mimic field settings in which phenomenon
are actually observed
- Field experiments are thus ideal for workplace phenomena, but difficult to carry out
Quasi experiments correct answers § Very similar to randomized experiments, except
participants are not randomly assigned to conditions (treatment vs. control groups)
§ Assignment may be based on some prior grouping for reasons of convenience
Benefits
Quasi-Experiments
§ Relatively Strong Internal Validity
• More strong than in purely correlational studies , but less strong than in true randomized
experiments
- There could be something specific about being in China vs. the U.S. that could be driving the
results (and not the work-from-home intervention)
Risks
§ Poor Experimental Design
§ Manipulation of "X" (independent variable) may not be realistic
Qualitative Research correct answers 1. Develop a controlled interview protocol
§ Make sure to ask the same questions to each employee about how much they work from home,
how productive they find themselves to be, and why they think that is the case
2. Analyze interview transcripts to develop overarching themes as well as sub-themes (e.g.,
"fatigue," "work-life balance," "stress"). Create counts of numbers of instances for each category.
Provide excepts as examples.
3. Optional: Conduct quantitative analyses using linguistic coding software
Benefits
Qualitative Research
§ Data might allow for building of new theory§ Good for exploration, as qualitative data might
surface themes and ideas that
were not considered or put forth as hypotheses a priori Risks
§ Data open to multiple interpretations
§ More difficult to conduct quantitative analyses
§ Text data can be difficult to parse quantitatively
§ However, new software tools for linguistic analysis (e.g., word counts, theme clouds, etc.) are
increasingly sophisticated at doing this
What is a perception? correct answers § "A process by which individuals organize and interpret
their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment"
§ "A way of regarding, understanding, or interpreting something"
What are the two major determinants of individual behavior? When is each factor relatively more
important in predicting individual behavior? correct answers Situation (External Attribution)
Person (Internal Attribution)
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