Genre development from radio to TV - • Same formats
o Soap operas, mystery, ect
TV networks relation to radio networks - • TV was built on the same model as radio: commercial
broadcasting
• Same networks: NBC, CBS, and ABC
• Same govt approach: regulated monopolies (FCC again)
Factors for economic success in Broadcast TV - • TV could reach into the home, constructed itself as a
"domestic medium"
• Many interested in TV ads
• TV allows us to imagine ourselves as one nation
"The Vast Wasteland" - • FCC chairman Newton Minow
• In speech to national association of broadcasters May 9, 1961, calls TV a "Vast wasteland"
• Challenges networks to do better
• PBS eventually created with govt, foundation assistance as partial response
Prime Time Access Rule (PTAR) - o No network feed during first hour of primetime
o Only local programming or syndicated programming
Narrowcasting - focusing on niche audiences
o Economic model for broadcast TV: rely on ad revenues
Finance and Syndication Rules - Financial interest rules:
• Networks own small proportion of programs
• Producers retain ownership rights
,Syndication rules:
o Produces retained syndication rules
o Networks cannot dominate syndicate
eliminated by 1995
TV Network oligopoly - All same networks as radio, govt steps in
Deregulation and the Reagan Era - Upsides
o more channels
o more choices
o more kinds of TV shows
Downsides:
o Defines media policy in economic terms, not in terms of citizenship, access or democracy
o Less diversity/local programming
o Less access for non-wealthy citizens
Synergy Practices - Practices that base an entire campaign around the various channels an organization.
Spiderman 3 also included games, toys, comics and video games. The movie was part of a larger plan.
The "Fox Formula" - Fox unveils new programming strategy:
o Roll out schedule (program few days a week or weekends)
• Goal: target "new" audiences (ppl who had been ignored by "Big 3" networks")
Consequences of post-network era - • Increasing fluidity between premium, basic cable, and network
content
• Proliferation/profitability of cable channels draws greater talent to television
• Vastly more original programming
o Real Housewives v. Mad Men
Strategies for 4 major networks - o Invest in internet technology: NBC owns Hulu
, o Find alternatives to advertising
• Product placement on American Idol
• Song downloads on Glee
o Focus on "blockbuster" live programming
• The super bowl, the Oscars, the Olympics
o Find cheaper alternatives: reality TV
Evolution to an information society - The evolution and progression of communication formats through
time; oral in the preagricultural, print in the agricultural, mass communication in the industrial, and
digital in our now information society.
oral communication - communication that is primarily spoken
written communication - any communication that must be read
industrial society and communication - ..., the Industrial Revolution extended Gutenberg's methods to
the manufacture of not just newsprint, but virtually all types of goods. Industrial production ( and higher
wages) was centered in large cities, triggering a mass migration from rural areas to cities and from
agricultural jobs to manufacturing. Growing urban populations with money to spend on manufactured
goods provided ready audiences as newspapers expanded to become the first advertising supported
medium of mass communication.
impact of digital media on society - new social effects:
• Challenging careers
• Concentration of ownership and power
o Digital divide
o Decrease in privacy
o Concerns over mental and physical health
o More exposure to controversial content
first copy costs and marginal costs - 1st copy costs a lot, especially blockbuster films
marginal- "no" cost when digital?
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