NR546 week 7 test your knowledge quiz with Answers
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Course
NR546
Institution
NR546
NR546 week 7 test your knowledge quiz with Answers
1. Neurotransmitters
involved in ADHD
2. Pharmacologic
Treatment of Sleep
Disorders:
3. prevalence of ADHD
in the United States
population
Dopamine & norepinephrine
-affect symptoms of inattention & hyperactivity
Over-the-counter
Melato...
NR546 week 7 test your knowledge quiz with Answers
1. Neurotransmitters Dopamine & norepinephrine
involved in ADHD -affect symptoms of inattention & hyperactivity
3. prevalence of ADHD 6.1 million children are diagnosed with ADHD in the
in the United States U.S.
population -Boys more likely than girls (12.9% boys, 5.6% girls)
-1/3 have symptoms into adulthood
-6 in 10 children have at least one other mental, emo-
tional, or behavioral disorder
-Comorbidities:
• Behavior/conduct problems
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Autism spectrum disorder
• Tourette syndrome
4. ADHD Symptoms: Typically start before age 12, may begin to appear
early as 3:
-Selective Attention
• lack of attention to detail
• careless mistakes
• not listening
• losing things
• diverting attention
• forgetfulness
-Lack of Sustained Attention
• poor problem solving
• difficulty completing tasks
• disorganization
• difficulty sustaining mental effort
, NR546 week 7 test your knowledge quiz with Answers
-Impulsivity
• excessive talking
• blurting things out
• not waiting one's turn
• interrupting
*Symptoms related to attention usually develop 2-4
years after the emergence of hyperactive symptoms
in childhood
5. ADHD lifespan con- -Symptoms change with age.
siderations -Not only a childhood diagnosis
-Hyperactivity decreases markedly with age
-Primary Symptoms: inattention, restlessness, cog-
nitive & emotional impulsivity, executive functioning
deficits, and self-regulation
-Adults struggling with executive functioning difficul-
ties and disorganization may experience occupational
stress or anxiety.
6. neurobiological fac- Important role in development of ADHD.
tors that contribute -heritability of up to 88%
to ADHD: Genetics
Other risk factors for ADHD include
-premature birth
-low birth weight
-maternal stress during pregnancy
-prenatal substance exposure, including tobacco
-adverse childhood environmental
-psychosocial stress
-inconsistent parenting practices
, NR546 week 7 test your knowledge quiz with Answers
7. neurobiological fac- Specific ADHD symptoms may arise from abnormali-
tors that contribute ties within circuits in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)
to ADHD: Neu- -affect executive function
roanatomy
8. neurobiological fac- -symptoms often become noticeable at about 6-7
tors that contribute years of age, possibly due to abnormalities in the pre-
to ADHD: Neural Net- frontal cortex circuits or errors in the synaptic pruning
works process.
-Both selective and sustained attention are modulated
by the corticostriatal-thalamocortical (CSTC) loop
• same loop that is associated with anxiety.
• ADHD is an alternative diagnosis to consider when
clients present with anxiety symptoms.
9. neurobiological fac- Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) are asso-
tors that contribute ciated with inefficient information processing in the
to ADHD: Neural Sig- prefrontal circuits.
naling -Rather than a deficiency, NE and DA are "out of tune."
• Agents that can increase the firing of both DA and
NE may help increase prefrontal activity.
• ADHD medications commonly target both dopamine
and norepinephrine.
• Stimulants, including stimulant medications, caffeine,
and nicotine enhance DA release and arousal.
10. The PMHNP is Pulsatile stimulation amplifies undesirable phasic DA
considering treat- and NE firing, which can lead to euphoria and abuse.
ment options for
an 18-year-old man Rationale: Phasic firing is hypothetically associated
with ADHD who has with reward, feelings of euphoria, and abuse poten-
a history of alco- tial. Immediate-release stimulants rapidly increase DA
hol and marijuana and NE, especially increasing phasic firing, not tonic
abuse. Which of the firing. Therefore, immediate-release stimulants have a
following accurately higher risk of abuse. Extended-release formulations of
explains the effects stimulants lead to a gradual and sustained increase
of different stimulant in NE and DA, enhancing tonic firing, which is hy-
formulations on neu- pothetically linked to the therapeutic effects of stimu-
ronal firing? lants. They are amplifying tonic NE and DA signals,
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