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NUR 210 M1 To M3 (Exam 1 Study Guide) Galen:- Questions With Answers
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NUR 210 M1 To M3 (Exam 1 Study Guide) Galen:- Questions With Answers
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NUR 210 M1 To M3 (Exam 1 Study Guide) Galen:-Questions With Answers
Pharmacokinetics Right Ans - The process in which medications move
through the body
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics? Right Ans - absorption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion
Absorption Right Ans - happens with drug movement from the GI tract into
the bloodstream. Most meds are taken by mouth.
Oral absorption Right Ans - Takes a while to get absorbed because it has to
go through the GI system
Usually takes 2-4 hours
•Enteric coated
Aspirin - hard on stomach
cannot crush pill
•Extended release
absorbed in the small intestine
IM absorption Right Ans - Absorbed 1-2 hours
IV absorption Right Ans - Absorbed 30-60 minutes
Dissolution Right Ans - Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks
down into particles, disintegrates, and dissolves to combine with liquid so
absorption from the GI tract into the bloodstream occurs.
Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can interfere with
the absorption of drugs.
Drugs that resist dissolution Right Ans - Parenteral medications (SL, eye
drops, inhalants, and transdermal) do not pass through the GI tract.
Enteric coated medications are designed to resist disintegration until the pill
reaches the small intestine. EC and sustained release meds should not be
crushed.
,Factors that affect absorption Right Ans - •Lack of muscle and increased fat
changes medicine absorption
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency (delayed)
•Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
•Antacid changes absorption
•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
Excipients Right Ans - Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as
a pill is not 100% drug.
Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such as with PCN,
which is not well absorbed from the GI tract.
Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will increase the
absorption of PCN
First pass effect Right Ans - •the oral drugs go to liver via portal vein where
some of the drug becomes inactive
•Only happens with oral medications
Delayed gastric emptying Right Ans - Food doesn't move like it should
Distribution Right Ans - refers to the movement of the drug from the
circulation to body tissues
Factors affecting distribution Right Ans - -blood flow to tissues
-protein binding
-blood brain barrier
-drug's affinity to the tissue
Protein binding Right Ans - Drugs bind with proteins in blood
Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are weakly protein bound
Free drugs Right Ans - drugs not bound to protein
Drug Toxicity Right Ans - -Two highly protein bound drugs compete and
one might accumulate and cause a toxicity
, -it is important to know if you are administering highly protein bound
medications and monitor albumin levels in patients with liver or kidney
disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin
Furosemide
Diazepam
Drug distribution and albumin Right Ans - -A decrease in albumin levels
decrease the protein-binding sites, which means more of the free drug is
circulated.
-This can be fatal with some meds.
-Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which means they are active in the
body and cause a pharmacologic response.
-Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those with liver or kidney
disease have low albumin levels.
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Right Ans - -The BBB protects the brain from
most drugs.
-Some meds are able to cross the BBB such as benzodiazepines.
-Drugs can cross the placenta and cause spontaneous abortion or alter fetal
growth and development.
Metabolism Right Ans - •chemically changes drug to a form that can be
excreted
•Liver primary site
Half-life Right Ans - •the time it takes for the drug in the body to be
reduced by half
Loading dose Right Ans - use of a higher dose than what is usually used for
treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration (therapeutic
level) sooner
•Blood thinner
•Antibiotic
Excretion Right Ans - the removal of waste products from medications
which is done mainly through the kidneys
Other routes for include lungs, sweat, saliva, and bile
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