Exam (elaborations)
PKG 221 Final Exam Questions and answers | Latest 2024/25
- Course
- Institution
PKG 221 Final Exam Questions and answers | Latest 2024/25
[Show more]
Content preview
PKG 221 Final Exam Questions andanswers | Latest 2024/25
metals - aluminum and steel ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
ll llceramics - glass, brick and concrete ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Natural Glass - High heat events; volcano, lightning
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Obsidian, volcanic origin. Fulgurite, lightning origin. ll ll ll ll ll
Found and used by early man ll ll ll ll ll
Glass beads - Probably formed accidentally
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Around 3500 BCE ll ll ll
Early hollow glass production ll ll ll
Egypt about 1500 BCE ll ll ll
ll llGlass Packaging Production Market by Sector - 82% Beverage
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Glass characteristics - 1.An inorganic non-crystalline (amorphous) solid formed by
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
cooling from its liquid state
ll ll ll ll ll
2.Glass does not have a melting point as temp increases but rather a range at which it is
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
viscous
ll
Advantages of Glass - Upscale image
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Is fairly chemical inert, impermeable to gases and water vapor
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Is transparent. But we can also add color into the glass
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Can be recycled, microwaved, heated, cooled
ll ll ll ll ll
Acceptable for direct food contact (although it can leach out some trace amounts of ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
chemicals, not affecting food)
ll ll ll ll
Rigid structure that does not change under vacuum or pressure.
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Moldable, there are a variety of shapes and designs possible ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
What is the melting point of glass? - Molecular structure of liquid
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Physical characteristics of solid ll ll ll
No distinct melting point
ll ll ll
Disadvantages of Glass - Heavy compared to plastic for same volume
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
160 lb/ft3vs. 55 lb/ft3for plastics
ll ll ll ll
Therefore it can cost more to distribute ll ll ll ll ll ll
Fuel cost, handling cost, etc.
ll ll ll ll
Expensive and high energy compared to plastics ll ll ll ll ll ll
Fragile, susceptible to thermal shock ll ll ll ll
Not biodegradable (advantage? disadvantage?)
ll ll ll
, Somewhat limited direct printability ll ll ll
Salts can dissolve out, but very small amount
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Glass Composition - Silica Sand (Silicone oxide, SiO2)
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Glass former (backbone) 68 to 73% ll ll ll ll ll
Limestone (Calcium carbonate, CaCO3) ll ll ll
Increases chemical durability 10 to 13% ll ll ll ll ll ll
Soda ash (Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) ll ll ll ll
Promotes melting 12 to 15% ll ll ll ll
Fining agents - Makes CO2 gas, combines with other to make bigger bubbles
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Carbon, Saltcake ll
Decolorizes - Flint (clear) has some iron in it naturally
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Iron makes it slightly green
ll ll ll ll
Add selenium to make it slightly pink
ll ll ll ll ll ll
Pink and green makes gray, appears clear
ll ll ll ll ll ll
ll llColorizers - most are metal oxides ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Amber Glass - Iron + Sulfur + Excess Carbon
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Made by the "reduced" process (less oxygen available)
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Absorbs <450nm wavelength ll ll
Light protection - beer, pharma, other
ll ll ll ll ll
Cullet - recycled glass - 2 types: Plant Cullet (internal) - defects, testing. Ecology Cullet -
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
post consumer. ll
Furnace usage is 15-90%. Average is 34%. ll ll ll ll ll ll
10 states have bottle deposit bills, including Michigan
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Cullet size is approximately 3/8" pieces ll ll ll ll ll
Much less energy to melt, process at 2400F vs 2800F
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Every 10% = 2-3% energy cost reduction ll ll ll ll ll ll
Every 6 tons used = 1 ton reduction of CO2footprint
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
1 recycled bottle = computer power for 30 minutes.
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
30 day cycle, bottle to bottle
ll ll ll ll ll
ll llPharmaceutical Glass - Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Type 1 - this glass is a borosilicate glass and has the most stringent extractable
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
standards. A disadvantage is the higher melting point of this glass type
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
70% silica ll
10% boron oxide ll ll
8% sodium oxide ll ll
8% potassium oxidell ll
1% calcium oxide ll ll
Used for pharma packaging, lab ware, telescopes, guitar slides, etc
ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ScholarSuccess. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
79276 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now