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PC707 Module 1 Principles of Pharmacology questions and answers PC707 Module 1 Principles of Pharmacology questions and answers
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PC707 Module 1 Principles of Pharmacology questions and answers
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PC707 Module 1 Principles of Pharmacologyquestions and answers
What are fat-soluble vitamins and where are they stored? - Vitamin A, D, E, K.
Stored in the liver and fatty tissue
Can mega doses of fat-soluble vitamins be harmful? - Yes, because a deficiency of
fat-soluble vitamins occurs over a prolonged period of time, mega-dosing can
cause hypervitaminosis. Advise patients not to "double-up" on these vitamins.
What are water-soluble vitamins? - Vitamin C and B complexes.
Can you ingest water-soluble vitamins frequenlty? - Yes, because they are not
stored in large amounts.
What are vitamins, how are they classified, and why are they essential? - Vitamins
are organic compounds that help maintain the body's metabolic functions.
Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Vitamins are
essential to energy transformation and the regulation of metabolic processes.
What is RDA? - Recommended Dietary Allowance; recommendations for the
required amount of specific nutrients "the levels of intake of essential nutrients
considered, in the judgment of the Food and Nutrition Board on the basis of
,PC707 Module 1 Principles of Pharmacology
questions and answers
available scientific knowledge, to be adequate to meet the known nutritional
needs of practically all healthy persons"
RDAs may differ in what populations? - Pregnant women, teenagers, alcoholic,
persons with chronic illness, and infants. These people may require specific and
additional needs and requirements.
What is the margin of safety for RDAs? - If your client is generally healthy and
obtaining 70% of the RDA for a particular nutrient, the possibility of a deficiency is
remote.
The general recommendation is that one should not consume vitamin or mineral
supplements that contain more than ________ of the RDA. - 150%
What criteria must be met for a drug to OTC? - 1. drug must safe and low risk for
misuse
2. patients must be able to self-diagnose in order to take it.
3. the drug must be for a condition that can be self-managed.
,PC707 Module 1 Principles of Pharmacology
questions and answers
4. the product can be labeled, The FDA Center for Drug Evaluation Research
(CDER), to ensure that OTC medications are labeled correctly and are considered
safe.
What vitamin is highly teratogenic when consumed in excessive quantities, and
what can result from this? - Vitamin A. An intake during pregnancy above the RDA
may cause malformation of the fetal heart, skull, and other structures.
What is GFR (glomerular filtration rate)? - measure kidney function; the total
amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute
Is GFR increased or decreased in elderly people? Why is this important for
metabolizing drugs? - Reduced GFR decreases drug excretion and increases
toxicity. Monitoring renal function in relation to medication administration is
particularly important for older individuals who have renal decline and renal
disease.
To assess GFR in the elderly, what labs would you order? - creatinine clearance
, PC707 Module 1 Principles of Pharmacology
questions and answers
What is polypharmacy? Who is at a higher risk and why? - the use of more than 5-
6 drugs concurrently including OTC and herbal meds. The elderly are at higher risk
due to an increase of drug to drug interactions.
What is the Beers criteria? - a list of potentially inappropriate medication for use
in the elderly (65 and older) but has received criticism
What alternative guideline is used other than BEERS? Are these guidelines or
protocols? - S.T.A.R.T., Screening Tool to Alert providers to Right Treatment and
S.T.O.P.P., Screening Tool of Older Persons' Potentially inappropriate Prescriptions).
Lists which drugs can be used, and which should be avoided. These are
GUIDELINES, not protocols.
What pharmacokinetic factors influence a drug during lactation and pregnancy? -
1. Lipid-soluble drugs pass easily to breastmilk (can go right through cell
membranes) causing possible side effects.
2. BBB is not developed in fetus or newborn so medications dangerous to CNS
should be avoided if possible.
3. Avoid drugs with long half-life, i.e. SR which can easily lead to toxicity
4. Take drug immediately after breastfeeding
5. All drugs pass to placenta- some more easily (lipid) than others
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