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UST ABSN PATHOPHARMACOLOGY 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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UST ABSN PATHOPHARMACOLOGY 1 EXAMQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
A drug is any chemical that can influence life processes. - ANSWER How do you
define the term "drug"?
Pharmacology is the study of medications and how they interact with living
organisms. - ANSWER Define Pharmacology.
Comparative pharmacology is the study of pharmacological effects on humans (as
compared to animals). - ANSWER Define clinical pharmacology.
Pharmacotherapeutics, often known as therapeutics, focuses on illness states and
their features, including drug therapy and application in the prevention and
treatment of conditions.
Drugs are used to kill or eradicate harmful cells or organisms. The phrase is
typically limited to anti-infectives and cancer treatment. - ANSWER: What are
chemotherapeutic agents?
Toxicology studies the effects of medicines. Toxicity is determined using the
Therapeutic Index. - ANSWER: What is toxicology, and how do we quantify drug
toxicity?
The therapeutic index is a ratio that assesses toxicity. The ratio is calculated by
multiplying the dose capable of killing 50% of animals (LD50) by the dose
required to achieve a positive effect in 50% of animals (ED50).
In clinical practice, the THERAPEUTIC INDEX is defined as the ratio of toxicity
to therapeutic effect. - ANSWER What is the Therapeutic Index?
,Tolerance is defined as hyporeactivity caused by chronic drug exposure. To have
the same benefits, the medicine must be administered in increasingly greater
amounts. - ANSWER: What is tolerance?
Cross-tolerance can develop when tolerance occurs across medications of the same
class or drugs with the same pharmacological effects. - ANSWER What is cross
tolerance, and how does it happen?
Tolerance to opioids, barbiturates, and alcohol - What are some examples of
neuroadaptation/cellular tolerance to drugs?
Metabolic drug tolerance develops when the body eliminates the drug at a higher
rate. - ANSWER What is metabolic drug tolerance?
Enzyme induction occurs when there is an increase in enzyme activity (the drug
transport system). - ANSWER: What is the most prevalent type of metabolic
tolerance?
Pharmacodynamic processes determine the type and degree of the ANSWER. It
essentially describes the drug's effect on the body.
Examples include the target organ, receptors, proteins, and physiological effects. -
ANSWER What is pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacokinetic mechanisms determine how much of an administered dosage
reaches its target sites of action. The four major pharmacokinetic processes are
drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, and drug excretion. *Think of
these processes as the body's reaction to drugs.* - ANSWER What is
pharmacokinetics?
What are the four main pharmacokinetic processes?
, Down-regulation - ANSWER: What form of tolerance happens when the number of
receptor sites or their sensitivity decreases?
Beta-blockers - What kind of medications block receptors?
Beta-blockers inhibit receptors, increasing their sensitivity. This is known as
Up-Regulation. Beta-blockers can also affect receptor sensitivity. What is the
cause, and how does it occur?
Tachyphylaxis is a tolerance that develops acutely after only a few doses of a
medication. ANSWER Define tachyphylaxis.
Idiosyncrasy refers to an unexpected, odd, or unusual reaction to a medicine. -
ANSWER: What is idiosyncrasy?
ANSWER: No, unpleasant effects can occur regardless of the dosage level. Is
dosage a factor in idiosyncratic patients?
A side effect is any action of the medicine that differs from the intended therapeutic
effects.
Sometimes side effects, unfavourable effects, and undesirable effects are used
interchangeably - ANSWER: What is a side effect? Synonyms for side effects that
are widely used in practice?
poisonous impacts (generally expected - how do you characterize a poisonous
effect?
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