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Biological molecules a-level full summary

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These notes helped me get into medical school, I completed my a levels at Guildford high school which consistently ranks among the top schools in the UK and is known for their academic rigour. I made these notes as a summary of the power points that we were taught off of.

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  • August 25, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Biological molecules carbohydrates

sugars polysaccharides Inorganic ions




in
↳ Sodium , Nat
Lipids-insoluble
soluble
in water
monosaccharides disaccharides >
-
·
co-transport in
glucose
in
organic
-


in small intestine
solvents (alcohols)
-
maltose glucose-glucose potential
H
V C -
H
Phosphate -
fructose amylose ↳
'Haem' group
glucose-fructose
-




sucrose compact helix too big to diffuse
- HO-c
-




Triglycerides ribose
· ·



in each
globular polypep.
-
OH ·


↳ stores more
lactose

fast hydrolysis out of cells
H -
H

C -
OH Ho
-I - R ~ Phospholipids
H -


4
H
-
OHHO -
C - R ·


glucose
-

glucose-galactose chain in RBCs
ester bond
I
C I
· ↳
Phosphate Po

"
R-group
hydrophilic (-ve)'head'
OHHO R o
-




agincose
H -
C - - -




I
H
·
more branching than starch ,

allow DNA/RNA molecules
-OH Benedict's test for
·




- unsaturated hydrophobic 'tail' a
↳animals need more
energy
, to join in polymerisation
saturated Kinks individual molecules -
reducing sugar :
more
branching means
in ATP,
·


store
straight ↓ more
hydrolysis at energy
t
·

once
(1) at
·
·
room
·
(s) at room
temp . - phospholipid bilayer helix Bpleated sheet None 3333 Lots ↳
Hydrogen ,
H
+


temp



i
i
. OH




OfOther determines pH
S
-
g
·




test
OHHO OH




HH
emulsion
/
StH0S-
HO OH Ho

·
add alcohol ,shake micettes H OH into OH CHLOH
-




vigerously stH0s
-



Hos CH2OH OH CH2OH




·
- -




OHHO Oh Oh



pour off alcohol
It OS-
·


OH

alkali-neutralise
Water > +

addwater
,cheaset
-




Hydrogen suggested models of replication :
·
St OH OH



pos Benedict's test
CH2OH OH CH20
>
OH
-
.




↑ ·OHHO or
-




amino acids bonds HO


↳Conservant
Oh



primary S N




↓ L




:
RO H R
o Properties
A
H D
I II
↓ 1
C peptide bond 1. solvent, attracted to any other polar molecules m
(hydrophyllic
N C C c O

-o
- - -



S&
-

H it it OH
amine 2 4 SHC
T
longe r
carboxy
·



.
, changes temp .

Slowly deoxyribose
elicase
X-helix -



E B-pleateda
InAligase
density
DNA
-
H28 3. ,
lower when solid licebergs are insulating H bond
.
3
(condensation) habitat for some insects Granine
4
.
surface tension , can be Si 'purine
positive RNA
·
a Fork
: · -



S ZwingS
Cytosine
P N
single strand
O

Biuret (blue-
> lilad . cohesion, moves
5 through xylem tissue -o
S&
·




-
4

v j
ribose
man
DNA
·




tertiary 6 4LHV,
cooling mechanism via sweat ·

cytoplasm :
primer =
poly merase

Pyramidines
.




·.. Adenine ↳ mRNA

globular
side be
fibrous Po
S& "Tring
OH ↳ +RNA
-


I
·
compact structural
A = T

Xo- P
hy mine
nucleolus :
↳ rRNA
·

specific ·
insoluble -
-

soluble phosphodiester protein synthesis
long chains PoX
·


bond
·



2= C

denature Xo
cross-bridges
- ·




easily ↳
v
ATPsynthase - oxidative
phosphorylation
collagen
O



↳ antibodies quaternary /Xa
S condensation Mitochondrea
/a
·




ADP+ Pi -
ATP + H ,O
↳ receptors
·
multiple polypeptides =

b
-
-



photophosphorylation
I



hydrolysis
prosthetic groups si
·




enzymes ATPhydrolase
no net ATP
·




3 T

L

substrate binds to sugar-phosphate backbone, stability


&
active ATP Synthase
·




processes]
conformation g
, Metabolic bond broken
H bonds break easily for transcription E




siteproducing
Active transport
· -




releases
energy
·


complimentary base pairs accuracy , Activation
2
Secretion bonds not stable
,
coiledintohelixcompati
·



· Movement
bonds within, intermediate state
. 1 stored short-term
energy
H bonds ,
Stability store
many
.
·




- universal code for a mino acids
·
Double stranded, semi conservative replication

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