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HLTH 2501 Pathophysiology final exam prep tips questions and answers Thompson Rivers University
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HLTH 2501 Pathophysiology finalexam prep tips questions and answers
Thompson Rivers University
, HLTH 2501 Pathophysiology final exam prep tips questions and answers Thompson Rivers
University
In what structure are significant changes made in chronic bronchitis? What are these changes a
result of? - --Chronic bronchitis is differentiated by significant changes in the bronchi resulting
from constant irritation from smoking or exposure to industrial pollution.
What is the nature of the effects on the bronchi due to chronic bronchitis? (2) - --1. Progressive
2. Irreversible
What are the three things that characterize chronic bronchitis? These three things result from -
--1. Inflammation and obstruction
2. Repeated infections
3. Chronic coughing
What is nature of the mucosa in those with chronic bronchitis? - --Swollen and inflamed
What happens to the mucous glands in those with chronic bronchitis? What cellular changes
occur? - --Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mucous glands which leads to the production of
increased secretions. The number of goblet cells increases and this is coupled with decreased
ciliated epithelium.
What changes occur to the bronchial wall due to chronic irritation and inflammation? What
does this contribute to? What effect does this change have on secretions? - --Fibrosis and
thickening of the bronchial wall leads to further obstructions. Secretions pool distal to the
obstructions and are difficult to remove.
Levels of what compound are low in chronic bronchitis? What is an indicator of this? - --Oxygen
is low which can manifest as cyanosis when coughing episodes occur.
,How is chronic bronchitis differentiated from emphysema? - --Pink Puffer: dyspnea,
hyperventilation, and overinflation that maintain oxygen levels in emphysema
Blue Bloater: cyanosis and edema associated with low oxygen levels in chronic bronchitis
How does general debilitation develop in individuals with chronic bronchitis? - --Severe dyspnea
and fatigue lead to interference with nutrition, communication, and daily activities and general
debilitation
What two cardiovascular associated conditions can develop with chronic bronchitis? - --
Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale are common
What do people who develop chronic bronchitis usually have a history of? - --- Cigarette
smoking
- Living in an urban or industrial area, particularly where smog is common
- Heavy exposure to inhaled irritants
What is the initiation to the cycle that causes progressive degenerative change with chronic
bronchitis? - --- Heavy exposure to inhaled irritants
- Inflammation
- Frequent infection
What other condition can sometimes develop with chronic bronchitis? - --Asthma
What are 8 manifestations of chronic bronchitis? - --1. Constant, productive cough
2. Tachypnea and shortness of breath
, 3. Frequent secretions that are thick and purulent
4. Cough and rhonchi that are usually more severe in the morning due to pooling that occurs
during sleep
5. Airway obstruction - hypoxia - cyanosis and hypercapnia
6. Secondary polycythemia
7. Severe weight loss
8. Signs of cor pulmonale (systemic edema) often develop as the vascular damage and
pulmonary hypertension progress (hypertension develops due to low oxygen levels, pn)
What are treatment measures for chronic bronchitis? - --- Reducing exposure to irritants
- Prompt treatment of infections
- Influenza and pneumonia vaccines for prophylactic measures
- Use of expectorants, bronchodilators, and appropriate chest therapy (postural drainage and
percussion - to remove excess mucous)
- Low-flow oxygen
- Nutritional supplements
What is the significant change that occurs during emphysema? - --Destruction of the alveolar
walls and septa which leads to large, permanently inflated alveolar spaces.
What is panacinar emphysema? What is centrilobular emphysema? - --Panacinar Emphysema:
emphysema of the distal alveoli
Centrilobular Emphysema: emphysema of the bronchiolar area
A low level of what protein contributes to the destruction of tissue in the alveoli and leads to
the development of emphysema? Individuals with this condition usually develop emphysema
when? - --In some individuals there is a genetic deficiency in the protein alpha-1 anti-trypsin.
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