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BBH 451 Final Exam Questions and 100% Correct Answers
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Benzodiazepines we are seeing a big increase in the number of deaths due to this class of drugs. These drugs can be used to treat pain but still have similar concerns to opioids (addictive, cannot mix with alcohol, can lead to respiratory depression) Back pain and chronic pain what are two types o...

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  • August 26, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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BBH 451 Final Exam Questions and
100% Correct Answers
Benzodiazepines ✅we are seeing a big increase in the number of deaths due to this
class of drugs. These drugs can be used to treat pain but still have similar concerns to
opioids (addictive, cannot mix with alcohol, can lead to respiratory depression)

Back pain and chronic pain ✅what are two types of pain that benzos are often used to
treat?

Fear ✅this phenomenon happens for a limited duration and is caused by a clearly
identifiable stimulus (stimulus specific).

It is an adaptive response that is important for human/animal existence and survival

It provokes a typical rapid fight/flight response

Considered a cognitive response

Anxiety ✅this is an emotion that lasts for extended periods of time. It is not associated
with a single eliciting stimulus (no adrenaline rush)

There is no adaptive significance/survival advantage evident for this emotion

This emotion takes time to consolidate

Considered a cognitive disorder

Regulation ✅anxiety disorders can be considered disorders of fear _____, although
the mechanisms are not clear

Anxiety ✅are the following psychological effects present with anxiety or fear? : shame,
decreased ability to concentrate, distorted perception of things that are generating fear

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), no ✅in the 1960s, what was the name for an
anxiety disorder and were there subtypes of anxiety?

1990s ✅in what decade were several anxiety subtypes identified?

A ✅what pharmacological advances would cause new subtypes of anxiety to be
identified?

A. Drugs treated some symptoms of anxiety but not others

,B. A single drug was able to treat everyone with anxiety
C. No new drugs were found to treat anxiety

Anxiolytics ✅another word for anxiety treatments

Alcohol and opium ✅these two things were used as early anxiolytics in early history
but were not terribly effective because they led to significant problems

Chloral hydrate (Mickey Finn) ✅this is structurally similar to alcohol but has very
different effects. A strong sedative that used to be used to treat anxiety. Also used to
sedate unknowing people, mostly in films

Paraldehyde ✅a very effective anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and sedative that used to be
used. Led to a person having terrible breath

Sodium bromide ✅this was an early sedative and was found in original Bromo-Seltzer
product

Sedation was probably the reason this was used to treat alcohol hangovers and
headaches

Bromides are toxic to the body so they are no longer included in Bromo-Seltzer

Barbituric acid ✅this is the parent compound of barbituates; synthesized by Adloph
von Baeyer in 1864

Barbital ✅in 1903, ____ was discovered to be a sedative (medicinal use!) And was
marketed as Veronal by Bayer

He named it Veronal after Verona, Italy, because he thought it was a relaxing place and
the drug had relaxing effects

Phenobarbital ✅type of barbiturate that controls seizures

Amobarbital ✅type of barbiturate; sodium amytal. Was nicknamed "truth serum."

Makes you very good at receiving suggestions so that you tell people what they want to
hear rather than the actual truth

Pentobarbital ✅type of barbiturate; medically induced coma.
Also used for severe seizure control and physician assisted suicide


Controversy with the death penalty (no drug company wants to sell this to the state to
kill people; don't want to be known for selling drugs that kill people purposely)

, Barbituates ✅with this class of drugs, sedation occurs along with anxiolysis. There is a
high risk of overdose.

Other drugs were created to improve on this class of drugs (reduce risk):
-Meprobamate (Miltown) and carisoprodol (Soma; prodrug) but there were not much
safer and didn't gain more popularity

Benzodiazepines ✅this was a new class of drugs that was developed in the 1950s.

-Chlorodiazepoxide (Librium) was created in 1960 and has a half life of 5-30 hours

-Diazepam (Valium) was created soon after (half life of 20-100 hours) and is still the
most commonly used drug to study mechanisms in animal models

Benzos ✅the metabolism profile of this class of drugs varies greatly according to drug
(this is the major distinction between the drug versions).

Half life can range from 2.5-50 hours or more; some of these drugs have active
metabolites that have half lives of over 100 hours

Elderly are more susceptible to effects

Oral ✅what type of administration are benzos generally given in?

Cytochrome p450 enzymes ✅which type of enzymes are benzos mostly metabolized
by?

GABA ✅bzrs (benzo receptors) = ______ receptors

Allosteric modulator ✅benzos act as _____ ______ at GABA receptors. This means
they FACILITATE the action of GABA; they increase the effect of GABA binding.

But, if GABA is not present, benzos cannot open receptor channels. This makes them
safer than barbituates, which act as an agonist

Ligand gated ion channel (ligand is GABA) ✅what type of channel are GABA
receptors?

Chloride (Cl-), negative, decreases ✅benzos work by increasing the GABA activity
mechanism. When GABA binds, it allows _____ to enter the cell. This makes the cell
more _____, which _____ the firing of action potentials

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