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Summary OAT- Biology exam 2024
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OAT- Biology exam 2024
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OAT- Biology exam 2024Ingestion - Acquisition of food
Assimilation - Building of new tissues from digested food
Monosaccharide - single sugar subunit
- carb
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide - 2 monosaccharides
- carb
Ex: sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharide - Polymer of sugar subunits
-carb
- insoluble in water
- Ex: glycogen, cellulose, starch
Lipids - 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
- chief means of food storage
,OAT- Biology exam 2024
-Major component of adipose tissue
-Steroids, waxes, carotenoids, poryphyrins
Proteins - Polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
-Hormones (ACTH & Insulin), enzymes, structure proteins (collagen), transport
(hemoglobin), antibodies
Enzymes - ↓ activation E and ↑ rate of rxn
- do NOT affect overall E
-↑ temp : ↑ enzyme action/ optimal pH= 7.2 (except pepsin and pancreas)
Competitive Inhibitors (enzymes) - Compete with substrate for binding at ACTIVE
site
- can be overcome by adding more substrate
-Vmax not affected
Noncompetitive Inhibitors (enzymes) - bind at allosteric site
- diminishes Vmax
Prokaryotes - Bacteria
,OAT- Biology exam 2024
-Contains ribosomes, nucleic acids, plasma membrane, nucleoid, cell wall
-Lack nucleus, membrane-bound organelles,
Eukaryotes - Cell wall in fungi and plants
- Nucleus, and membrane bound organelles
Centrioles - microtubules involved in spindle organization during cell division
-NO membrane
-plants lack centrioles
Centromere - Near middle of eukaryotic chromosomes where spindle fibers attach
Lysosome - Membrane bound
-Involved in ingestion
-Hydrolytic enzymes
-has the ability to "commit suicide"
Mitochondria - -generate energy (oxidative phosphorylation → ATP)
-self-replicating organelles
, OAT- Biology exam 2024
-contain DNA in circular plasmids
Desmosomes - "Spot welds"
-attach cells together and give cells mechanical strength
-Ex: skin
Tight junctions - seal the spaces between cells and prevent cell leakage
Ex: intestinal cells
Nucleus - "information center"
-Contains chromosomes, DNA and RNA
-Separated by a double membrane nuclear envelope
Nucleolus - Within the nucleus
-Ribosome synthesis takes place
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Transport network for molecules targeted for certain
modifications and specific destinations
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