BBH 432 Final Exam Questions and 100% Correct Answers
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Course
BBH 432
Institution
BBH 432
Why are models important in the study of disease? Can be used to study human health and disease, just as physics is used to understand steam engines
Descartes -Mind-body dualism -Argued disease should be studied scientifically
Bernard -Argued against Vitalism -Dissected living animals in front of...
BBH 432 Final Exam Questions and
100% Correct Answers
Why are models important in the study of disease? ✅Can be used to study human
health and disease, just as physics is used to understand steam engines
Descartes ✅-Mind-body dualism
-Argued disease should be studied scientifically
Bernard ✅-Argued against Vitalism
-Dissected living animals in front of his students
-Father of physiology
Rudolf Virchow ✅-Cells live or die based on measurable factors in the environment
-Cell theory
LouisPasteur ✅-Germ theory
-Sterilization prevents infection
-Disease is caused by viruses, bacteria, and microorganisms
Vitalism definition ✅Belief that we are all different than everything else on earth
Steam-engine example ✅Appears to have a vital force, but it's possible to study the
physical laws that influence its movements through scientific testing
Single-celled organisms example ✅Single-cell organisms are dependent on a
supportive, stable environment measurable variables determine whether the "vital force"
is present or not in these cells
Importance of Bernard's work with single-celled organisms ✅The "life force" is a myth.
Cells and organs work together to produce a "stable internal milieu" (homeostasis)
Why is it important that Bernard named his book the introduction to EXPERIMENTAL
medicine? ✅His work consisted of doing experiments through live dissection of
animals to study and understand physiology
What was Bernard's perspective on the biological basis of health and disease? ✅His
perspective of the biological basis of health and disease was all about specificity
Steps in the biomedical model ✅Germ --> Physiology --> Symptoms --> Disease
, Assumptions of the original biomedical model ✅-One way causation - germ alters
body, body doesn't alter germ
-Disease is a physiological process and operates on that level only. (disease = monkey
wrench in the clockworks of the body)
-Doesn't take into account resistance to a disease or non-responsiveness to a treatment
-Model is dualistic - mind and body are separate with no effect on each other
"Ghost in the machine" ✅-Mind has no influence on body
-Dualistic
GAS ✅-General adaptation syndrome
GAS stages ✅-Alarm
-Resistance
-Exhaustion
Alarm Stage ✅-The initial response to a stressor
-Fight or flight activated
-Sympathetic NS activation and adrenal cortex hormonal secretions elevate the body's
physiological arousal systems above homeostasis
-Initial phase where the body rallies to deal with the stressor
Resistance Stage ✅-Following the fight or flight reaction
-The body's homeostatic mechanisms return the body back to baseline state OR if the
organism is subject to repeated stressors, it repeats the process, and the system
becomes so depleted that injury may result
-Body mobilizes to withstand the stress and return to normal
Exhaustion Stage ✅-Stage where the acquired adaptation is lost due to exhaustion
-Organs fail and death may possibly occur
-Ongoing extreme stressors eventually deplete the body's resources, causing us to
function at a level less than normal
Selye's definition of stress ✅The sum of all the non-specific effects of factors which act
upon the body
What physiological system does Selye map his system to? ✅HPA axis
What was Selye looking for when he injected ovarian and placental extracts into rats?
✅Ovarian hormone
Selye's "triad" ✅-Enlargement of the adrenal cortex/glands
-Shrinking of lymphatic tissues and thymus
-Deep ulcer formation in the stomach and duodenum
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