acetylenes = - Answer-alkynes
olefins = - Answer-alkenes
E = - Answer-trans
Z = - Answer-cis
stability of cis vs. trans - Answer-trans is more stable
hydrogenation - Answer-exothermic addition of H to an alkene
relate the heats of reaction for trans-butene, cis-butene, and 1-buten...
stabilities of alkenes (status) - Answer-tertiary > secondary > primary
elimination reactions of alkyl halides require... - Answer-a base (-HX)
alkyl halide formula - Answer-C2H5X
elimination reactions of alcohols require... - Answer-H+, heat (-HOH)
alcohol formula - Answer-C2H5OH
dehydrohalogenation is - Answer-E2
more alkylated = - Answer-more stable
how to favor an E2 - Answer-use a secondary or tertiary alkyl halide, use bulky base if
using a primary, use high concentration of strong base, use high temperature
why would a secondary or tertiary alkyl halide be better for E2? - Answer-steric
hindrance prevents substitution
Zaitsev rule - Answer-formation of the more substituted alkene is favored with a small
base
, Hoffman rule - Answer-formation of the less substituted alkene is favored with a bulky
base
how does the steric bulk of the base affect the Hoffman rule? - Answer-it has difficulty
removing internal secondary H's so it just removes a primary
anti/syn - which is preferred? - Answer-anti
what causes anti/syn? - Answer-proper alignment of orbitals in developing pi bond
why is anti preferred? - Answer-staggered, so lower energy
dehydration of alcohols order of reactivity - Answer-tertiary > secondary > primary
dehydration of alcohols description - Answer-loss of H2O to yield alkene when heated
with SA
the more difficult the alcohol, - Answer-the stronger the base and higher the
temperature needed to dehydrate.
rearrangement during dehydration of alcohols - Answer-less stable secondary
carbocation rearranges to more stable tertiary carbocation
1,2 shift - Answer-group migrates from 1 C to a neighboring 1
alkyl shift - Answer-CH3 group moves
hydride shift - Answer-H moves
migration order of reactivity - Answer-tertiary > secondary > primary > can't happen in
Me
vicinal dihalide - Answer-bearing halogens on adjacent carbons
geminal dihalides - Answer-bearing halogens on same carbon
retrosynthesis - Answer-product => reactant
addition reactions result in... - Answer-conversion of one pi and one sigma bond to 2
sigma bonds
the amazing thing about addition reactions - Answer-every atom in reactant converted
into one organic product
why do addition reactions attack the pi bond? - Answer-the electrons are exposed
because they are perpendicular to the double bond
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