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Edexcel A level Chemistry Paper 2 Questions & 100% Correct AnswersLatest Test | Graded A+ | Passed $11.79   Add to cart

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Edexcel A level Chemistry Paper 2 Questions & 100% Correct AnswersLatest Test | Graded A+ | Passed

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Nucleophile ֎ -:- A species that donates a lone pair of electrons. Examples include ammonia, water and cyanide. Electrophile ֎ -:- A species that accepts a pair of electrons. The most common example is H+ that accepts a lone pair of electrons from a nitrogen atom in ammonia. Nucleophilic ...

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Edexcel A level Chemistry Paper 2
Questions & 100% Correct Answers-
Latest Test | Graded A+ | Passed
Nucleophile


֎ -:- A species that donates a lone pair of electrons. Examples include ammonia,

water and cyanide.




Electrophile


֎ -:- A species that accepts a pair of electrons. The most common example is H+

that accepts a lone pair of electrons from a nitrogen atom in ammonia.




Nucleophilic substitution


֎ -:- A substitution reaction in which a nucleophile such as ammonia is attracted

to a positive charge centre such as the functional group carbon atom of a

halogenoalkane.




Hydrolysis


֎ -:- Breaking up a molecule using water. There are two types of hydrolysis -

acidic and alkaline




Ester




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֎ -:- A molecule that contains the COO functional group. Many esters are

volatile and are found in fragrances such as rose oil.




Ester solubility in water


֎ -:- The middle of the molecule has has hydrogen bonding between the oxygen

of C=O and the H of water; and also between the -O- and the H of water. The

smaller the molecule the higher the solubility in water.




Ester solubility in hexane (non-polar solvent)


֎ -:- The non-polar alkyl ends of the molecule form London forces with the

solvent. The larger the molecule, the greater the solubility in the hexane

solvent because there are more London forces between the solute molecule

and the solvent molecule.




Ammonia


֎ -:- NH3




Primary amine


֎ -:- CH3NH2




Secondary amine




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֎ -:- (CH3)2NH




Tertiary amine


֎ -:- (CH3)3N




Free radical substitution


֎ -:- When a halogen atom replaces a hydrogen atom in a reaction. UV is

required. At higher levels of the halogen, the amount of substitution increases.

For example, CCL4 is formed at high CL2 levels, CH3Cl is formed at low Cl2

levels. 3 steps I,P,T.




Electrophilic addition


֎ -:- A type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an

electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new

covalent bond.




Example - symbol equation - free radical substitution at low UV levels


֎ -:- Cl2 + CH4 --> CH3Cl + HCl




Example - symbol equation - free radical substitution at high UV levels




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