NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2
Exam- University of South Alabama
Afferent - ANS Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent - ANS Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Which nerves are incapable of regeneration? - ANS Neurons in the Central Nervous System
(CNS) do not divide and injury causes permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut - ANS Crushed nerves
recover better
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves? - ANS Axonal Reaction
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed - ANS 1. Cut end retracts and the
axolemma covers the cut end, reducing escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to phagocytize damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromatolysis, loss of Nissl bodies, and lateral migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses contact with postsynaptic membrane
within 7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of axon terminal
7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or tube of schwann cells enclosed by the original
basal lamina of the endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the proximal end of the injured axon and are similar to
antegrade changes but only back to the next node of Ranvier
Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only go back to what? - ANS The
next node of Ranvier
In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment of an injured
axon? - ANS 7-14 days
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And what is regrowth limited to? - ANS
1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve... - ANS The greater the chances that the cell
will die and not regenerate
, How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves play a factor? - ANS Injured
nerves closer to the spinal cord recover slower and poorly because of the long distance
between the cell body and the peripheral termination of the axon.
Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by what - ANS glial scar formation
(gliosis) and the different nature of myelin formed by the oligodendrocyte
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on - ANS 1. Location of injury
2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received - ANS 3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac
output
The Prefrontal Area is responsible for what? - ANS Goal-oriented behavior, short term memory,
concentration, elaboration of thought and inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is responsible for what? - ANS motor movement,
extrapyramidal system, eye movement, (Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Primary motor area is responsible for what? - ANS Primary voluntary motor = somatotropic
organization (Homunculus = little man)
Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the opposite side of the body.
Control of the opposite side of the body is called what? - ANS Contralateral control
Broca's speech area (Brodmann area 34, 45) is responsible for? - ANS Motor aspect of speech.
Speech and language processing, Dysfunction can result in inability to form words. "Expressive
aphasia"
Somatic sensory input (Brodmann area 3,1,2) is responsible for? - ANS Provides
communication between motor and sensory areas, storage, analysis, and interpretation of
stimulus
Wernicke area (Brodmann 22) is responsible for? - ANS Sensory speech area: responsible fro
reception and interpretation of speech (superior temporal gyrus) dysfunction may result in
receptive aphasia or dysphasia
Primary visual cortex (brodmann area 17) is responsible for what? - ANS Receives input from
the retinas
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