NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm questions with answers
Asthma - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ -airway inflammation, bronchial
hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ embedded with connective tissue cells
and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ white blood cells are present to help
protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ the
WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host
tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ smooth
muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ control the
airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ When air is unable to move out of the alveolar
like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ the ongoing inflammatory process of
asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ -expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ tiotropium and
ipratropium
, What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ the parasympathetic system
is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of
the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
constriction
bronchitis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the
cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ there is hypoxia due to
unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ when blood passes from the right ventricle
through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ -long term exposure to environmental irritants
Midterm questions with answers
Asthma - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ -airway inflammation, bronchial
hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ embedded with connective tissue cells
and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ white blood cells are present to help
protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ the
WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host
tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ smooth
muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ control the
airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ When air is unable to move out of the alveolar
like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ the ongoing inflammatory process of
asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ -expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ tiotropium and
ipratropium
, What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ the parasympathetic system
is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of
the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
constriction
bronchitis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the
cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ there is hypoxia due to
unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ when blood passes from the right ventricle
through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ -long term exposure to environmental irritants
