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advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final exam with correct answers 2024
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advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final exam with correct answers 2024
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advanced pathophysiology NR 507 finalexam with correct answers 2024
Fat Soluble Hormones - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Need 2nd Messenger to transport across
phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH,
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland.
Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of
Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Arises from 3rd ventricle of
brain, consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars
nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise
primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence.
- .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters
such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ contains axons of neurons that originate in the
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide
Hormones)
,ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Major homeostatic function of posterior
pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones)
- .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH),
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone
(GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Stimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Stimulate secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ ACTH,
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH,
glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ SECRETORY CELL TYPE:
Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Milk production
TSH - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
,Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Ovulation, progesterone production (in
glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Follicle maturation, estrogen
production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic,
from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water
intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of
Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased
water reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may be
inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔
High levels of ADH - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing
vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus.
Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is then
reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH
has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may
decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by mechanoreceptors
in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors
to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Decrease in plasma osmolality,
increase in intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II
levels, and alcohol ingestion
, ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Increase BP and to achieve
hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in
lactation, and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical
distention of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues
and causes the contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Chromophobes,
and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of the
adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ feedback from
hypothalamic releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from target gland hormones
(cortisol, estrogen).
Growth Hormone secretion is controlled by 2 hormones from the __________________,
______________________and ________________ - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ hypothalamus,
Growth Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which releases, and somatostatin which inhibits GH.
GH is released by the? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ GH is released from the pituitary in a pulsatile
fashion, and overall secretion peaks during adolescence.
GH is essential for what? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔶......✔✔ Growth, effects of aging, sleep, nutritional
status, stress, and reproductive hormones
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