UBC BIO 260 Midterm #1 Detailed Questions And
Expert Answers
When ;do ;valves ;open ;and ;close, ;in ;the ;cardiac ;cycl
e? ;How ;does ;electrical ;signals ;travel ;through ;the ;heart? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
What ;are ;the ;4 ;steps ;in ;animal ;digestion? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-1. ;Ingestion
2. ;Digestion
3. ;Absorption
4. ;Incorporation ;into ;tissues ;or ;elimination
How ;are ;carbohydrates ;digested ;in ;the ;mouth? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-By ;salivary ;amylase ;
(it ;digests ;polymers ;to ;disaccharides)
How ;are ;carbohydrates ;digested ;in ;the ;intestine? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Enzymes ;secreted ;by ;the ;pancreas ;(pancreatic ;amylase) ;+ ;enzymes ;in ;the ;intestinal ;epithelium ;
(breaks ;down ;the ;disaccharides ;into ;monosaccharides)
Why ;are ;some ;carbohydrates ;difficult ;to ;digest? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Cellulose ;is ;difficult ;to ;digest ;because ;it ;is ;a ;complex ;polymer ;and ;no ;animal ;expresses ;the ;cellulase
;enzymes ;needed ;to ;break ;the ;bonds ;within ;the ;molecule
Where ;is ;gut ;bacteria ;located ;in ;different ;animals? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Hindgut ;fermenters: ;Bacteria ;in ;the ;cecum ;+ ;colon
Foregut ;fermenters: ;(Ruminants) ;= ;Bacteria ;in ;modified ;stomach ;(rumen) ;and ;cecum
What ;is ;special ;about ;foregut ;foregut ;fermenters? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
They ;have ;a ;modified ;stomach ;and ;bacteria ;in ;the ;foregut ;are ;able ;to ;digest ;cellulose. ;The ;bacterial
;waste ;products ;and ;dead ;bacteria ;are ;digested ;in ;the ;rest ;of ;the ;intestine ;and ;that ;provides ;nutrie
nts ;for ;the ;animals
What ;are ;some ;examples ;of ;foregut ;fermenters? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Sloth, ;Kangaroo, ;Colobus ;Monkey, ;Sheep ;and ;Llama
, What ;are ;some ;traits ;of ;hindgut ;fermenters? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-Smaller ;animals ;= ;Large ;cecum
;and ;small ;colon
Larger ;animals ;= ;Large ;cecum ;and ;very ;large ;colon
What ;are ;traits ;of ;the ;human ;colon? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Bacteria ;are ;found ;in ;the ;colon ;and ;it's ;primary ;role ;is ;water ;re-absorption
What ;are ;the ;steps ;of ;protein ;digestion? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
1. ;It ;starts ;in ;the ;stomach ;where ;proteins ;are ;partially ;digested ;by ;pepsin ;and ;HCl ;(stomach ;acid)
2. ;Further ;digestion ;is ;by ;enzymes ;released ;by ;the ;pancreas ;(happens ;in ;the ;intestine)
3. ;Final ;digestion ;of ;proteins ;occurs ;inside ;cells ;of ;the ;small ;intestine ;
(by ;intracellular ;peptidase ;enzymes)
What ;are ;the ;steps ;of ;protein ;digestion?. ;When ;in ;the ;enzyme ;pepsin ;active? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔
✔ ;-Only ;at ;low ;pH, ;it ;is ;released ;as ;pepsinogen ;
(which ;is ;inactive) ;but ;once ;it ;reaches ;low ;pH ;it ;attacks ;itself ;removing ;the ;'masking ;sequence' ;whic
h ;exposes ;the ;active ;site ;of ;pepsin ;and ;allows ;it ;to ;digest ;proteins
What ;is ;the ;stimuli ;for ;stomach ;acid ;secretion? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
1. ;The ;sight, ;smell, ;taste ;or ;thought ;of ;food
2. ;The ;presence ;of ;food ;in ;the ;stomach
→ ;This ;causes ;the ;parietal ;cells ;to ;secrete ;HCl
What ;do ;chief ;cells ;do? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-Produce ;pepsinogen ;(pepsin ;precursor)
Q. ;What ;do ;parietal ;cells ;do? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-Produce ;HCl
Q. ;What ;is ;in ;the ;anatomy ;of ;the ;stomach? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Gastric ;pits/gastric ;glands, ;chief ;cells, ;parietal ;cells
What ;is ;the ;mechanism ;of ;HCl ;secretion? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Must ;move ;from ;the ;parietal ;cell ;to ;the ;lumen ;of ;the ;stomach, ;which ;means ;they ;have ;to ;move ;ag
ainst ;a ;concentration ;gradient. ;So ;they ;must ;use ;ATP ;(the ;proton ;comes ;from ;CO2)
How ;does ;the ;body ;deal ;with ;HCO3- ;(a ;base) ;in ;the ;cell? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
The ;HCO3- ;moves ;to ;the ;blood ;vessel ;and ;Cl- ;moves ;into ;the ;parietal ;cell ;which ;then ;is ;transported
;into ;the ;lumen
What ;is ;acid ;reflux? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
A ;common ;condition ;when ;the ;esophageal ;sphincter ;does ;not ;close ;tightly ;and ;this ;allows ;stomach ;
acid ;to ;leak ;into ;the ;esophagus
Expert Answers
When ;do ;valves ;open ;and ;close, ;in ;the ;cardiac ;cycl
e? ;How ;does ;electrical ;signals ;travel ;through ;the ;heart? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
What ;are ;the ;4 ;steps ;in ;animal ;digestion? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-1. ;Ingestion
2. ;Digestion
3. ;Absorption
4. ;Incorporation ;into ;tissues ;or ;elimination
How ;are ;carbohydrates ;digested ;in ;the ;mouth? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-By ;salivary ;amylase ;
(it ;digests ;polymers ;to ;disaccharides)
How ;are ;carbohydrates ;digested ;in ;the ;intestine? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Enzymes ;secreted ;by ;the ;pancreas ;(pancreatic ;amylase) ;+ ;enzymes ;in ;the ;intestinal ;epithelium ;
(breaks ;down ;the ;disaccharides ;into ;monosaccharides)
Why ;are ;some ;carbohydrates ;difficult ;to ;digest? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Cellulose ;is ;difficult ;to ;digest ;because ;it ;is ;a ;complex ;polymer ;and ;no ;animal ;expresses ;the ;cellulase
;enzymes ;needed ;to ;break ;the ;bonds ;within ;the ;molecule
Where ;is ;gut ;bacteria ;located ;in ;different ;animals? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Hindgut ;fermenters: ;Bacteria ;in ;the ;cecum ;+ ;colon
Foregut ;fermenters: ;(Ruminants) ;= ;Bacteria ;in ;modified ;stomach ;(rumen) ;and ;cecum
What ;is ;special ;about ;foregut ;foregut ;fermenters? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
They ;have ;a ;modified ;stomach ;and ;bacteria ;in ;the ;foregut ;are ;able ;to ;digest ;cellulose. ;The ;bacterial
;waste ;products ;and ;dead ;bacteria ;are ;digested ;in ;the ;rest ;of ;the ;intestine ;and ;that ;provides ;nutrie
nts ;for ;the ;animals
What ;are ;some ;examples ;of ;foregut ;fermenters? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Sloth, ;Kangaroo, ;Colobus ;Monkey, ;Sheep ;and ;Llama
, What ;are ;some ;traits ;of ;hindgut ;fermenters? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-Smaller ;animals ;= ;Large ;cecum
;and ;small ;colon
Larger ;animals ;= ;Large ;cecum ;and ;very ;large ;colon
What ;are ;traits ;of ;the ;human ;colon? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Bacteria ;are ;found ;in ;the ;colon ;and ;it's ;primary ;role ;is ;water ;re-absorption
What ;are ;the ;steps ;of ;protein ;digestion? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
1. ;It ;starts ;in ;the ;stomach ;where ;proteins ;are ;partially ;digested ;by ;pepsin ;and ;HCl ;(stomach ;acid)
2. ;Further ;digestion ;is ;by ;enzymes ;released ;by ;the ;pancreas ;(happens ;in ;the ;intestine)
3. ;Final ;digestion ;of ;proteins ;occurs ;inside ;cells ;of ;the ;small ;intestine ;
(by ;intracellular ;peptidase ;enzymes)
What ;are ;the ;steps ;of ;protein ;digestion?. ;When ;in ;the ;enzyme ;pepsin ;active? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔
✔ ;-Only ;at ;low ;pH, ;it ;is ;released ;as ;pepsinogen ;
(which ;is ;inactive) ;but ;once ;it ;reaches ;low ;pH ;it ;attacks ;itself ;removing ;the ;'masking ;sequence' ;whic
h ;exposes ;the ;active ;site ;of ;pepsin ;and ;allows ;it ;to ;digest ;proteins
What ;is ;the ;stimuli ;for ;stomach ;acid ;secretion? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
1. ;The ;sight, ;smell, ;taste ;or ;thought ;of ;food
2. ;The ;presence ;of ;food ;in ;the ;stomach
→ ;This ;causes ;the ;parietal ;cells ;to ;secrete ;HCl
What ;do ;chief ;cells ;do? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-Produce ;pepsinogen ;(pepsin ;precursor)
Q. ;What ;do ;parietal ;cells ;do? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-Produce ;HCl
Q. ;What ;is ;in ;the ;anatomy ;of ;the ;stomach? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Gastric ;pits/gastric ;glands, ;chief ;cells, ;parietal ;cells
What ;is ;the ;mechanism ;of ;HCl ;secretion? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
Must ;move ;from ;the ;parietal ;cell ;to ;the ;lumen ;of ;the ;stomach, ;which ;means ;they ;have ;to ;move ;ag
ainst ;a ;concentration ;gradient. ;So ;they ;must ;use ;ATP ;(the ;proton ;comes ;from ;CO2)
How ;does ;the ;body ;deal ;with ;HCO3- ;(a ;base) ;in ;the ;cell? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
The ;HCO3- ;moves ;to ;the ;blood ;vessel ;and ;Cl- ;moves ;into ;the ;parietal ;cell ;which ;then ;is ;transported
;into ;the ;lumen
What ;is ;acid ;reflux? ;- ;correct ;Answers ;✔✔ ;-
A ;common ;condition ;when ;the ;esophageal ;sphincter ;does ;not ;close ;tightly ;and ;this ;allows ;stomach ;
acid ;to ;leak ;into ;the ;esophagus
