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MLSC 4341 Exam 3 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
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MLSC 4341 Exam 3 Questions & Answers 2024/2025 What are some ways to inhibit cell wall synthesis? - ANSWERS-Inhibit cell wall directly (peptidoglycan synthesis) -Inhibit enzymes (bind to enzymes involved in the synthesis) -Inhibit cofactors for cell wall synthesis -Bacitracin What are pe...

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  • August 27, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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MLSC 4341 Exam 3 Questions &
Answers 2024/2025

What are some ways to inhibit cell wall synthesis? - ANSWERS-Inhibit cell wall directly (peptidoglycan
synthesis)

-Inhibit enzymes (bind to enzymes involved in the synthesis)

-Inhibit cofactors for cell wall synthesis

-Bacitracin



What are penicillin binding proteins? - ANSWERS-Enzyme groups in bacteria responsible for producing
and maintaining peptidoglycan layer

-Structure varies among organisms



What are beta lactam agents? - ANSWERS-Contain a beta lactam ring which binds to penicillin binding
proteins (responsible for producing and maintaining peptidoglycan/cell wall)



What is the structure of penicillin? - ANSWERS-Beta-lactam ring

-Beta lactam nucleus attached to thiazolidine ring



How does penicillin interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis? - ANSWERS-Interferes with the
transpeptidation process of peptidoglycan synthesis



What happens when the ring in penicillin is changed? - ANSWERS-Changes action of drug and its
resistance



What are natural penicillins active against? - ANSWERS-Group A strep and Neisseria meningitidis



What are semisynthetic penicillins used for? - ANSWERS-Penicillin resistant staphylococci

,What are extended spectrum penicillins (amino penicillins) used for? - ANSWERS-Good activity against E.
coli, Proteus app, and Haemophilus influenzae



How can extended spectrum penicillins (amino penicillins) be inactivated? - ANSWERS-By beta
lactamase, an enzyme which destroys the beta lactam ring making the drug ineffective



What are anti-pseudomonas penicillins used for? - ANSWERS-Good activity against P. aeruginosa



How can anti-pseudomonas penicillins be inactivated? - ANSWERS-By beta lactamase, an enzyme which
destroys the beta lactam ring making the drug ineffective



How do anti-pseudomonas penicillins differ from other penicillins? - ANSWERS-No advantage over other
penicillins for non-pseudomonal species

-Always treated in combination with aminoglycosides (it is synergistic)



What is the structure of cephalosporins? - ANSWERS-Semi synthetic beta lactams

-Their main nucleus consists of a beta-lactam ring and a second ring. they have two sites for placement
of R groups.



How are cephalosporins grouped? - ANSWERS-In generations, based on their spectrum of activity



How is resistance to cephalosporins formed? - ANSWERS-Through beta lactamase enzyme



What are first generation cephalosporins used for? - ANSWERS-Good activity against gram positives

-Poor activity against gram negatives



What are second generation cephalosporins used for? - ANSWERS-More activity against gram negatives

-Less activity against gram positives

-Good against fastidious organisms

,What are third generation cephalosporins used for? - ANSWERS-Good activity against gram negatives,
especially for identified beta lactamase producers like H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, N. gonorrhoeae, and
N. meningitidis

-Less activity against gram positives



When is resistance seen with third generation cephalosporins? - ANSWERS-Seen with extended
spectrum beta lactamase producers (ESBLs)



What specific drug is the best of all beta lactams against Pseudomonas? - ANSWERS-Ceftazidime (fortaz)



What are fourth generation cephalosporins used for? - ANSWERS-Good activity against beta lactamase
producing organisms

-Some activity against enterics



What are carbepenems used for? - ANSWERS-Better activity against gram positives than the
cephalosporins

-Broad spectrum drug

-Used to treat multi-drug resistant Gram negative rods (drug of choice for ESBLs)



What organisms do carbepenems have no activity against? - ANSWERS-MRSA or C. difficile



What are monobactams? - ANSWERS-Monocyclic beta lactam

-Resistant to some beta lactamases, but inactivated by ESBLs (extended spectrum beta lactamases)



What are monobactams used to treat? - ANSWERS-Used to treat anaerobes or gram positives

-Always administered intravenously (by IV)



What are glycopeptides? - ANSWERS-Non-beta lactam drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis

-Do not bind PBPs, but bind other precursors of cell wall synthesis

-Not affected by beta lactamases

, What are glycopeptides used for? - ANSWERS-Most effective against gram positives and MRSA



What is bacitracin? - ANSWERS-Inhibits metabolites necessary for peptidoglycan synthesis

-Highly toxic

-Used only as a topical ointment



What are the 4 genera in the Micrococcaceae family? - ANSWERS-Staphylococcus

-Micrococcus

-Rothia

-Planococcus



What are the characteristics of the micrococcaceae family? - ANSWERS-Gram positive cocci in clusters

-Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic

-Non-motile

-Catalase positive



Where is staphylococcus normally found? - ANSWERS-More than 30 species found on skin and mucus
membranes



What does staphylococcus look like on a gram stain? - ANSWERS-Gram positive cocci in clusters (divide in
multiple planes)



What is the colonial morphology of staphylococcus? - ANSWERS-Circular, opaque, smooth, yellow or
white



Where is Staph aureus (STA) normal flora? - ANSWERS-Upper respiratory tract, especially in healthcare
workers

-20-40% are carriers in nasopharyngeal tract

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