Summary

Onderzoeksmethoden (OZM) samenvatting + begrippenlijst voor het tentamen (alle informatie)

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Course
Onderzoeksmethoden

Institution
Fontys Hogeschool (Fontys)

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Uploaded on August 28, 2024
File latest updated on August 28, 2024
Number of pages 82
Written in 2024/2025
Type Summary

onderzoeksmethoden
ozm
probleemstelling
onderzoeksvraag
kwantitatief onderzoek
observationeel
case control studie
cross sectioneel
diagnostisch onderzoek
kwalitatief
foc
rct randomezd controlled trial

Institution
Fontys Hogeschool (Fontys)
Education
Podotherapie
Course
Onderzoeksmethoden

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ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN

OZM

Vak: onderzoeksmethoden (OZM)
School: Fontys Hogeschool
Leerjaar: 2024
Tentamen: meerkeuze

- Uitgebreide samenvatting + begrippenlijst (zie inhoudsopgave).
- Alles wat nodig is voor het tentamen.3

,1

,Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1 ............................................................................................................................ 6
Probleemstelling ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Onderzoeksvraag ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

Hoofdstuk 2: onderzoekdesigns ................................................................................................ 8
Kwantitatief observationeel ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Case control studie: kwantitatief observationeel onderzoek .................................................................................. 10
Cross sectioneel onderzoek: kwantitatief observationeel onderzoek ..................................................................... 11
Cohort onderzoek: kwantitatief observationeel onderzoek .................................................................................... 13
Diagnostisch onderzoek: kwantitatief .................................................................................................................... 15
RCT: kwantitatief interventie onderzoek ................................................................................................................ 16
Kwalitatief onderzoek ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Individueel kwalitatief onderzoek ........................................................................................................................... 20
Focusgroep: kwalitatief onderzoek ........................................................................................................................ 22
Observationeel onderzoek kwalitatief .................................................................................................................... 23

Hoofdstuk 3: betrouwbaarheid en validiteit ........................................................................... 23
Betrouwbaarheid .................................................................................................................................................... 24
Validiteit ................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Interne validiteit: .................................................................................................................................................... 25
Externe validiteit: ................................................................................................................................................... 25
Variabelen .............................................................................................................................................................. 25
Onafhankelijke variabelen...................................................................................................................................... 25
Afhankelijke variabelen .......................................................................................................................................... 26
Bias ......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Selectiebias ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
Informatiebias......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Confounding ........................................................................................................................................................... 26

Hoofdstuk 4: het schrijven van een inleiding van een projectplan ....................................... 27
Doel inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Trechtermodel: structuur inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 27
Controle inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 28
Wetenschappelijke schrijftaal ................................................................................................................................. 28
Objectief: ................................................................................................................................................................ 28
Correct .................................................................................................................................................................... 28

2

,Zorgvuldig .............................................................................................................................................................. 28
Onpersoonlijk ......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Zakelijk ................................................................................................................................................................... 29

Hoofdstuk 5: werving selectie van deelnemers ...................................................................... 29
Steekproef vs. Populatie ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Redenen om onderzoekspopulatie af te bakenen .................................................................................................... 29
Werving en selectiecriteria ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Inclusiecriteria ....................................................................................................................................................... 30
Exclusiecriteria....................................................................................................................................................... 30
Generaliseerbaarheid ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Belangrijke aspecten van generaliseerbaarheid: ................................................................................................... 30
Soorten steekproeven .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Aselecte steekproeven ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Systematische aselecte steekproef ..................................................................................................................... 31
Cluster steekproef .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Voordelen en nadelen aselecte steekproeven .................................................................................................... 31
Niet-aselecte steekproeven ..................................................................................................................................... 31
Gemak steekproef (concenientie-steekproef) .................................................................................................... 32
Doelgerichte steekproef ..................................................................................................................................... 32
Sneeuwbalsteekproef ......................................................................................................................................... 32
Voordelen en nadelen aselecte steekproef ......................................................................................................... 32
Nadelen: ............................................................................................................................................................. 32
Niet steekproeffouten .............................................................................................................................................. 33
Non-response: .................................................................................................................................................... 33
Selectieve uitval ................................................................................................................................................. 33
Non-compliance................................................................................................................................................. 33
Hoofdstuk 6: dataverzameling ................................................................................................ 33
Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid ................................................................................................................................ 33
Wijze van dataverzameling ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Keuze onderzoeksdesign ......................................................................................................................................... 34
Onderzoeksopzet ..................................................................................................................................................... 35
Omgekeerde causaliteit .......................................................................................................................................... 35
Demografische gegevens ........................................................................................................................................ 36
Uitkomstmaten ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
Sterkte bewijs .......................................................................................................................................................... 36
Indirecte metingen .................................................................................................................................................. 37

3

,Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid ................................................................................................................................ 37
Keuze meetinstrument ............................................................................................................................................. 38
Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid van meetinstrumenten ............................................................................................ 38
Betrouwbaarheid van meetinstrumenten ................................................................................................................ 38
Homogeniteit .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Validiteit van meetinstrumenten ............................................................................................................................. 38
Experiment .............................................................................................................................................................. 39

Hoofdstuk 7: diagnostische waarde van meetinstrumenten .................................................. 39
Diagnostisch onderzoek.......................................................................................................................................... 39
Gouden standaard .................................................................................................................................................. 39
Design van een diagnostische studie ...................................................................................................................... 39
Cross-sectioneel: ................................................................................................................................................ 39
Retrospectief (vaak case-control) ...................................................................................................................... 40
Sensitiviteit tijd en specificiteit ............................................................................................................................... 40
Berekening indicatoren .......................................................................................................................................... 40
Positief/negatief voorspellende waarde ................................................................................................................. 41
Sensitiviteit vs PVW ................................................................................................................................................ 42

Hoofdstuk 8: beschrijvende statistiek: orde scheppen in de chaos ....................................... 42
Statistiek ................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Beschrijvende statistiek ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Toetsende statistiek............................................................................................................................................ 43
Wat is een variabele? ............................................................................................................................................. 43
Meetniveau van variabelen..................................................................................................................................... 43
Voorbeeld Likert-schaal ......................................................................................................................................... 43
Frequentietabel....................................................................................................................................................... 44
Histogram ............................................................................................................................................................... 44
Centrummaten en spreidingsmaten ........................................................................................................................ 45
Centrummaten ........................................................................................................................................................ 45
Spreidingsmaten ..................................................................................................................................................... 45
Standaarddeviatie (SD) van een steekproef ........................................................................................................... 45
(Normale) verdeling ............................................................................................................................................... 46
Scheefheid van de verdeling: Skewness .................................................................................................................. 46
Salaris (rechts-scheef verdeeld) ............................................................................................................................. 46
Bepaling van normaliteit ........................................................................................................................................ 47

Hoofdstuk 9: Statistische significantie, klinische relevantie en presentatie van data .......... 47

4

, Statistische significantie ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Klinische relevantie ................................................................................................................................................ 48
Presentatie van data ............................................................................................................................................... 49
Tabel ....................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Lijngrafiek: ............................................................................................................................................................. 52
Scatterplot............................................................................................................................................................... 53

Hoofdstuk 10: data-analyse .................................................................................................... 53
Samenhang tussen variabelen ................................................................................................................................ 56
Risicomaten ............................................................................................................................................................ 56
Associatie vs. Overeenstemming ............................................................................................................................ 56

Hoofdstuk 11: observatieonderzoek........................................................................................ 58
Wat is observatie onderzoek? ................................................................................................................................. 58
Observatie: ongestructureerd versus gestructureerd ............................................................................................. 59
Observatieschema................................................................................................................................................... 59

Hoofdstuk 12: kwalitatief onderzoek en ontwikkeling vragenlijsten .................................... 60
Wanneer maak je gebruik van een kwalitatief onderzoek? .................................................................................... 60
Kwalitatief onderzoek: interviews .......................................................................................................................... 61
Analyse: interview .................................................................................................................................................. 61
Data-analyse: coderen ........................................................................................................................................... 62
Open coderen.......................................................................................................................................................... 62
Axiaal coderen ........................................................................................................................................................ 62
Selectief coderen ..................................................................................................................................................... 63
Vragenlijstontwikkeling validiteit ........................................................................................................................... 66

Hoofdstuk 13: literatuurstudie................................................................................................ 66
Hoofdstuk 14: belangrijke vragen .......................................................................................... 68
Reden afbakening populatie ................................................................................................................................... 69
Wetenschappelijke Redenen ................................................................................................................................... 69

Praktische Redenen ............................................................................................................................................ 69

Ethische Redenen................................................................................................................................................ 69

Methodologische Redenen ............................................................................................................................... 70

Regulatoire Redenen .......................................................................................................................................... 70

Hoofdstuk14: Begrippenlijst ................................................................................................... 70

5

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Onderzoeksmethoden (OZM) samenvatting + begrippenlijst voor het tentamen (alle informatie)

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